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But in what year The False One was brought out is not known. It certainly was not before 1608 or 1609.

Finally, it has been remarked that the quarrel scene between Brutus and Cassius in Shakespeare's play has evidently formed the model for a similar one between the two friends Melantius and Amintor in the Third Act of Beaumont and Fletcher's Maid's Tragedy. All that is known, however, of the date of that Play is, that it must have been brought out before 1611, in which year another Play entitled The Second Maid's Tragedy (still existing in MS.) was licensed.*

On the whole, it may be inferred from these slight evidences that the present Play can hardly be assigned to a later date than the year 1607; but there is nothing to prove that it may not be of considerably earlier date.

It is evident that the character and history of Julius Cæsar had taken a strong hold of Shakespeare's imagination. There is perhaps no other historical character who is so repeatedly alluded to throughout his Plays.

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'There was never anything so sudden," says the disguised Rosalind in As You Like It (v. 2) to Orlando, speaking of the manner in which his brother Oliver and her cousin (or sister, as she calls her) Celia had fallen in love with one another, "but the fight

*"This tragedy," says Malone, "(as I learn from a MS. of Mr. Oldys) was formerly in the possession of John Warburton, Esq., Somerset Herald, and since in the library of the Marquis of Lansdown. It had no author's name to it when it was licensed, but was afterwards ascribed to George Chapman, whose name is erased by another hand, and that of Shakspeare inserted." (Chronological Order, 450.) He seems to refer to the entry of the Play in the books of Sir George Buck, the Master of the Revels.

saw,

of two rams, and Cæsar's thrasonical brag of I came, and overcame : for your brother and my sister no sooner met, but they looked; no sooner looked, but they loved; no sooner loved, but they sighed;" etc.

"O! such a day," exclaims Lord Bardolph in the Second Part of King Henry the Fourth (i. 1) to old Northumberland in his misannouncement of the issue of the field of Shrewsbury,

"So fought, so honoured, and so fairly won,
Came not till now to dignify the times,

Since Cæsar's fortunes."

And afterwards (in iv. 3) we have Falstaff's magnificent gasconade :- "I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch [?] of possibility: I have foundered nine-score and odd posts; and here, travel-tainted as I am, have, in my pure and immaculate valour, taken Sir John Coleville of the Dale, a most furious [famous ?] knight, and valourous enemy. But what of that? He saw me, and yielded; that I may justly say with the hook-nosed fellow of Rome, I came, saw, and overcame."

"But now behold," says the Chorus in the Fifth Act of King Henry the Fifth, describing the triumphant return of the English monarch from the conquest of France,

"In the quick forge and working-house of thought,
How London doth pour out her citizens.

The mayor, and all his brethren, in best sort,
Like to the senators of the antique Rome,

With the plebeians swarming at their heels,

Go forth, and fetch their conquering Cæsar in."

In the three Parts of King Henry the Sixth, which are so thickly sprinkled with classical allusions of all

kinds, there are several to the great Roman Dictator. "Henry the Fifth! thy ghost I invocate;" the Duke of Bedford apostrophizes his deceased brother in the First Part (i. 1);

"Prosper this realm, keep it from civil broils!
Combat with adverse planets in the heavens!
A far more glorious star thy soul will make
Than Julius Cæsar, or bright Cassiope."

In the next Scene the Maid, setting out to raise the siege of Orleans, and deliver her king and country, compares herself to

"That proud insulting ship

Which Cæsar and his fortunes bare at once."

In the Second Part (iv. 1) we have Suffolk, when hurried away to execution by the seamen who had captured him, consoling himself with—

"Great men oft die by vile bezonians :

A Roman sworder and banditto slave

Murdered sweet Tully; Brutus' bastard hand

Stabbed Julius Cæsar; savage islanders

Pompey the Great; and Suffolk dies by pirates."

And afterwards (iv. 7) we have Lord Say, in somewhat similar circumstances, thus appealing to Cade and his mob of men of Kent:

you will.

"Hear me but speak, and bear me where
Kent, in the Commentaries Cæsar writ,
Is termed the civilest place of all this isle;
Sweet is the country, because full of riches ;
The people liberal, valiant, active, worthy;

Which makes me hope you are not void of pity."

"O traitors! murderers!" Queen Margaret in the Third Part (v. 5) shrieks out in her agony and rage when the Prince her son is butchered before her eyes;

"They that stabbed Cæsar shed no blood at all,
Did not offend, nor were not worthy blame,
If this foul deed were by to sequel it :

He was a man; this, in respect, a child;
And men ne'er spend their fury on a child."

In King Richard the Third (iii. 1) is a passage of great pregnancy. "Did Julius Cæsar build that place, my lord ?" the young Prince asks Buckingham when it is proposed that he shall retire for a day or two to the Tower before his coronation. And, when informed in reply that the mighty Roman at least began the building, "Is it," he further inquires,

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upon record, or else reported

Successively from age to age, he built it ?”

"It is upon record, my gracious lord," answers Buckingham. On which the wise royal boy rejoins,

"But say, my lord, it were not registered,
Methinks the truth should live from age to age,

As 'twere retailed to all posterity,

Even to the general all-ending day."

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And then, after a What say you, uncle ?", he explains the great thought that was working in his mind in these striking words:

"That Julius Caesar was a famous man:
With what his valour did enrich his wit

His wit set down to make his valour live.
Death makes no conquest of this conqueror,*
For now he lives in fame, though not in life."

Far away from anything Roman as the fable and

"This"

* "His conqueror" is the reading of all the Folios. was restored by Theobald from the Quarto of 1597, and has been adopted by Malone and most modern editors.

locality of Hamlet are, various passages testify how much Cæsar was in the mind of Shakespeare while writing that Play. First, we have the famous passage (i. 1) so closely resembling one in the Second Scene of the Second Act of Julius Cæsar :

"In the most high and palmy state of Rome,

A little ere the mightiest Julius fell,

The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead
Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets;
As* stars with trains of fire, and dews of blood,
Disasters in the sun; and the moist star,

Upon whose influence Neptune's empire stands,
Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse."

Then there is (iii. 2) the conversation between Hamlet and Polonius, touching the histrionic exploits of the latter in his university days:-"I did enact Julius Cæsar: I was killed i' the Capitol; Brutus killed me." "It was a brute part of him to kill so capital a calf there" (surely, by the bye, to be spoken aside, though not so marked).-Lastly, there is the Prince's rhyming moralization (v. 1) :—

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'Imperial Cæsar, dead and turned to clay,

Might stop a hole to keep the wind away.

O, that that earth which kept the world in awe
Should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw!"

Many notices of Cæsar occur, as might be expected, in Cymbeline. Such are the boast of Posthumus to his friend Philario (ii. 4) of the valour of the Britons :"Our countrymen

Are men more ordered than when Julius Cæsar
Smiled at their lack of skill, but found their courage
Worthy his frowning at ;"

:

* Something is evidently wrong here; but even Mr. Collier's annotator gives us no help.

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