event; and it is our fervent wish and prayers, that I flatter myself that they will maintain, with he may long live to tread the footsteps of his you, that good understanding, and harmony of senillustrious father, in being the friend of the dis-timents, which we have been happy enough to extressed, and the advocate for the liberties of man-perience, till now, from your fellow-citizens in the kind. different states. LE CTE DE ROCHAMBEAU.

ANNAPOLIS, August 15, 1782.

In hopes that your excellency will enjoy health and happiness, while you reside among us, and on On Saturday last arrived in this city, on a visit return to your native country, may you be rewarded to our governor, his excellency Count Rochambeau, by your sovereign, in proportion to your merits and commander in chief of the auxiliary army in the services-we remain, with sentiments of gratitude United States, accompanied by the Count Dillon, and esteem, on behalf of the merchants of Balti-and several other French officers of distinction, and more, your excellency's most obedient servants, on Monday morning set out on his return to Balti

SAMUEL PURVIANCE,

RICHARD CURSON,
SAMUEL SMITH,

MARK PRINGLE,
WILLIAM PATTERSON,

BALTIMORE, July 29, 1782.

To which his excellency was pleased to return the following answer:

more.

To his excellency COUNT ROCHAMBEAU, commander in chief of the auxiliary army in the United States. The address of the governor and council of the state of Maryland.

ANNAPOLIS, August 11, 1782.' SIR-It is with singular pleasure, that the execu tive of Maryland embrace the opportunity afford. ed by your arrival in this city, of offering your excellency every mark of esteem and respect.

To the merchants of the town of Baltimore. GENTLEMEN-The intentions of the king, my master, towards his faithful allies, being that his Accept, sir, our warmest thanks for the distinauxlliary troops should not only protect the liberties of the United States, but watch over their York; to the wisdom of your counsels, the vigour guished part you sustained in the reduction of commercial interests, as often and as much as it of your conduct, the bravery of the troops under would be in their power, I have felt a peculiar your command, and to the judicious exertions of pleasure to have been able to render some ser- the Count de Grasse, the success obtained by the vices to your state: The noblest reward for me allied army is, in a great degree, to be attributed. is, without doubt, the approbation of such a respectable body of citizens.

The praises which you are pleased to bestow on my conduct, and that of the officers and soldiers under my command, are due, in a great measure, to his excellency general Washington, and his army, to whose exertions we have had the honor to co-operate, in the reduction of the British army at York-Town.

We are happy to assure your excellency, that the people of this state, deeply interested in every event which can promote the felicity of your illustrious monarch, or his kingdom, received, with the most lively demonstrations of joy, the account of the birth of a Dauphin: That the young prince may emulate the virtues, and inherit the dominions of his royal father, and that the union, founded on the most generous equality, and cemented by the blood of both nations, may endure forever, is our My sovereign will certainly be impressed with fervent wish; the incidents of war have only more a grateful sense of the general joy which has been strongly united our affections, and we doubt not, diffused among the people of all ranks in the Unit- that the ancient spirit of France, with her numerous ed States, upon the birth of an heir to his king-resources, will soon humble the pride of our comdom. I shall not fail to make him acquainted with your patriotic and generous wishes.

I embrace with pleasure, gentlemen, this occasion, to render you my sincere thanks for the readiness with which you have taken in your houses our staff-officers and others, whose duty and station renders the convenience of a house absolutely ne cessary to them.

mon enemy.

The ready protection afforded by your excellency to the commerce of Maryland, demands our grate. ful acknowledgments; the decorum and exemplary discipline observed by your troops, on their march through the state, have given entire satisfaction to our citizens; our duty and inclination will prompt us to do every thing in our power for their com

In behalf of the executive,

THOMAS S. LEE.

venience; and we request your excelleney to com- into grateful recollection the fathers of our indemunicate to the generals and other officers of your pendence: those to whom (under God) we are inarmy, the high sense we entertain of their merit, debted for our political existence and salvation. and the affection and regard we have for their per- A short eulogium upon them, their merits, and sons and characters. their honors, will be the subject of the present discourse; for what more happy subject can be chosen on this day, than the great authors of our liberty? they! who "digged it out with their swords!"who, in the grim face of death, amidst perils innumerable, gave the purchase of their blood--who built it upon their tombs, and whose spirits, bendI am very sensible of the marks of friendship and ing from the sky, point with pleasure to its foun. affection that I receive from his excellency the go-dation. But where am I? Fairy scenes open around

To his excellency the governor, and the honorable council of the state of Maryland. ANNAPOLIS, August 11, 1782.

vernor,
and the honorable council of the state of
Maryland.

me, and I seem to press the ground of enchantment. Behold yon vast structure, which towers to the If we have been happy enough to contribute to very heavens! Is it not cemented with blood, and wards the success of their arms, under our com-built upon the slaughtered carcase of many a gal mander in chief, his excellency general Washing-lant soldier? on its broad front, AMERICAN INton, we receive the most flattering marks of ap-DEPENDENCE shines conspicuous, in characters probation, by the very cordial reception the French of crimson!-surrounding nature appears animated! army meet with from all the inhabitants of this the very tombs accost the traveller, and seemingly

state.

The great joy and interests they have been pleased to show, on account of the birth of the Dauphin, will, undoubtedly, be very agreeable to the king my master; he will be equally flattered at the warmth with which the state of Maryland support their alliance, and wish it to be lasting.

repeat

"How beautiful is death when earn'd by virtue!
Who would not sleep with those? what pity is it
That we can die but once to save our country!"

Add. Cato.

The eventful history of our great revolution, is pregnant with many a source of sublime astonish, The strict discipline of the troops, is the least ment! Succeeding ages shall turn the historic mark of gratitude that we could give to a state page, and catch inspiration from the era of 1776; from which we receive so many proofs of attach-they shall bow to the rising glory of America; and ment and friendship.

Rome, once mistress of the world, shall fade on

"I have the honor to be, your obedient and most their remembrance.

humble servant,

LE COMPTE DE ROCHAMBEAU.

EXTRACTS FROM AN ORATION

Delivered before his excellency the governor of South Carolina, and a number of other gentlemen, on Monday, the fourth of July, 1785, being the celebration of American independence-by the

late Dr. Ladd.

"Tell

ye your children of it, and let your children tell their children, and their children another generation."

The commencement of our strugglès, their progress, and their periods, will furnish a useful lesson to posterity-they will teach them that mendesperate for freedom-united in virtue-and assisted by the God of armies, can never be subdued. The youthful warrior-the rising politician, will tremble at the retrospect, and turn pale at the amazing story. America-the infant America, all defenceless as she is, is invaded by a most powerful nation; her plains covered by disciplined armies, her harbors crowded with hostile fleets. Destitute of arms; destitute of ammunition; with no discipline but their virtue, and no general but THEIR GOD, behold our brave countrymen arising to resistance -see the first encroachments of hostility withstood at Lexington; and O Britain! write that page of thy history in crimson, and margin it with black, for tky troops fled!-routed with stones, with clubs, When we consider this as the natal anniversary and every ignominious weapon-they fled from of our infant empire, we shall ever be led to call our women; they were defeated by our children.

A prophet divinely inspired, and deeply impressed, with the importance of an event which had just taken place, breaks into this exclamationan exclamation happily adapted to the present oc. casion; tending to perpetuate the remembrance of an event which is written upon the heart of every true American-every friend to his country.

At this very time, a member of the British par- this what mortals could withstand? for it is written liament could assert in open day, that a single re. in the volumes of eternity, that even Britain, that giment of disciplined troops would march thro' hardy, that gallant nation, was unequal to the America, and crush the rebels to subjection. The conflict. experiment was tried; it was reiterated, and the success was every way worthy of the rash attempt. Such has the inconsistency been of theory and practice, relative to American subjugation.

But were freemen-were Americans to be inti

Yet, while we justly admire the valor and suc cess of our veteran armies, let us shed one tear to the memory of those "unfortunately brave," who were martyrs in common cause; and, while we cele tues-let us deplore the catastrophe, and lament brate their actions-while we glory in their virtheir misfortunes.

midated by the military parade of hostile regi ments? Answer, ye Britons! for by a bloody experience, have ye been taught the reverse; by a bloody experience were ye taught never to oppose men What catastrophe? what misfortunes? Pardon desperate for their country; and by that bloody me, my respected auditors. Let your indulgent experience will your children, and your children's bosoms plead in my favor; and remember, that the children acquire instruction. They will learn wisdom timid perturbation of a young orator, before se from the history of defenceless Americans, who when august an assembly, must lead him into frequent threatened with the loss of their liberties, (liber-improprieties. I said we should lament their misties! which were coeval with their existence, and fortunes. I beg leave to correct that too hasty dearer than their lives) arose in resistance, and expression; for surely it is No MISFORTUNE to the were nerved by desperation! what was the conse-brave, man, that he has died for his country. Quite quence? the invaders were repulsed, their armies the reverse: it is the highest acme of military amcaptured, their strong works demolished, and their bition, and plays around the soldier's character fleets driven back. Behold the terrible flag, that with a sun-beam of never ending glory. glory of Great Britain, drooping all tarnished from the mast, bewails its sullied honors.

This, my countrymen, by assistance superhuman, have we at length accomplished-1 say superhuman assistance, for one of us has "chased a thousand, and ten put ten thousand to flight. The Lord of hosts was on our side, the God of the armies of Israel;" and at every blow we were ready to exclaim with glorious exultation, "The sword of the lord and of Washington."

"The gallant man though slain in fight he be,
Yet leaves his country safe, his nation free;
Entails a debt on all the grateful state,
His own brave friends shall glory in his fate,
His wife live honor'd, all his race succeed;
And late posterity enjoy the deed."

Pope's Homer.

The fall of the brave man is by no means the and opens to a blessed immortality. There the death of the vulgar: it is the birth-day of his glory, hoary warrior who has learned the rudiments of his profession under Washington or Wolfe, MontYet how did even America despair, when the calm or the great Montgomery, shall then comprotecting hand of her GREAT LEADER was one mence his soldiership; then, enlisted in the armies moment withheld! Witness our veteran army re- of MICHAEL, that archangelic chieftain, he shall treating through the Jerseys; an almost total with-fight the battles of the Lord: nor shall his earthly ering to our hopes, while America trembled with fame be unremembered, but, when the historic leat expectation-trembled! tho' shielded and protect. shall shiver in the blaze-when ali human work, ed by the KING OF KINGS, and her beloved WASHINGTON.

But brilliant, rapid, and successive have our con quests been: while the gloomy "times that try men's

the great Illiad itself, receive their finish from the fire, the soldier's memory must survive, for it is registered in heaven.

Yes! ye shall live in fame, ye shades of Warren, souls,” were few, and of short duration. America, of Mercer, of Laurens, and the brave Montgomery! born to be independent, gathered strength amidst and when in remotest ages, posterity shall call surrounding difficulties. She rose, like Antæus, forth every distinguishing characteristic of human vigorous from every fall. Her resentment was ac- excellence, the genius of your country shall bend companied by the winged bolt of destruction. It his drooping head, and one tear, one grateful tear flashed, like lightning from heaven, against her be shed to your remembrance. Then the young enemics, and blasted as it smote. Opposition like warrior, emulous of your fates and your fame, shall

in speculation. It contradicts our habits and opi- in the full splendor of meridian glories, he can nions in every other transaction of life. Do we never be lost to his country-we see him in our li feel his burning soul-and while he unsheaths the berties, and shall forever see him, while that OPUS patriotic blade, he shall exclaim with transport-MAGNUM, the independence of America, remains "How beautiful is death when earn'd by virtue." in existence. But peace to your manes, ye dear departed brethren! ye have trodden the path of honor before us; and obtained the crown of glory. Brethren, it is all your own, for bravely did ye obtain it. May the green sod lie light on your breasts, and sweet your slumbers be in the dark house appoint-mine, to eternize the name of Washingto!-The ed for all living.

So sleep the brave who sink to rest,
With all their country's wishes blest;
When spring, with dewy fingers cold,
Returns to deck their hallow'd mould,
She there shall dress a sweeter sod
Than fancy's feet have ever trod.
By fairy hands their knell is rung;
By forms unseen their dirge is sung;
There honor comes, a pilgrim grey,
To bless the turf that wraps their clay,
And freedom shall a while repair,
To dwell a weeping hermit there."-Collins.

But we turn to take a view of those worthy authors of our independence, who have survived the contest.-A living patriot! Where is the bosom that does dot vibrate with pleasure at the sound? The dead can only receive the tribute of remembrance; and long shall they possess it: but the living are entitled to our warmest thanks, our united benedictions.-Here words must fail; for who can

duly praise the living patriots of America? Alas! barely to recount their names, their merits, and their honors, would exhaust the powers of language; to do them justice is above all Ciceronian rhetoric, and calls for the eloquence of angels.

You, and you, with a very respectable part of my audience, have fronted danger in the bloody field. -With a truly masonic fortitude have we assisted in the structure of our independence; and ye will tell the story to your children, and your children shall tell their children, and their children another genera tion. Thus shall your honors succeed with undiminished lustre to posterity: and future writers shall praise the brave man, and crown their eulogium with "his father was an American.”

Allow me, my auditors, one claim on your attention to the beloved name of Washington; for how, upon a celebration like this, can the name of Washington be distant? he, whose unbiassed virtue, firm patriotism, unequalled abilities, and steady perse verance, are written upon the hearts of his brethren.-Though retired from the theatre of action,

Where are those who admire the unexampled patriot, and "in whose ears the name of a soldier sounds like the name of a friend?" O that upon this day ye would join your friendly voices with

august veteran of Prussia has himself led the way, and left it upon everlasting record, that "Frederic was the oldest general in Europe, when Washington was the greatest general upon earth.”

But I proceed to pay that attention due to the memory of another distinguished character: For to what is America more indebted than to the gallant exertions of her beloved Greene? in whose amiable character the great soldier and the good citizen are so conspicuously blended-Long shall this country in particular retain his memory-long as the palmetto, that emblematic tree, shall Rourish

But there is no end of this! the list of deserv

ing characters is swelling to my view, and I shall
grow hoarse in repeating it; I will therefore quit
the attempt, and hasten to conclude:

"For should I strive to mention ev'ry name,
With which my country swells the list of fame,
Amidst the labor of the arduous tale,
My time, my periods, and my voice would fail.''

Previous to my quitting this subject, permit me, gentlemen of South Carolina, to observe, that the very man who fills the seat of your government for the present year, must long remain high in his country's honors-honors, which he has most brave

ly acquired. The gallant defence of Fort Moultrie will decorate the page of many a future history, and give at once immortal fame to the hero and historian.

Most of the present difficulties of this country arise from the weakness and other defects of our governments.

My business at present shall be only to suggest And now, my most respected auditors, having the defects of the confederation. These consistin some measure paid our debt of acknowledgment 1st. In the deficiency of coercive power. 2d. In' to the visible authors of our independence, let us a defect of exclusive power to issue paper money, lay our hands upon our hearts in humble adoration and regulate commerce. 3d. In vesting the soveof that MONARCH, who (in the place of George reign power of the United States in a single legis. the Third) was this day chosen to reign over us: lature: and, 4th. In the too frequent rotation of let us venerate the great generalissimo of our ar- its members. mies, from whom all triumphs flow: and be it our glory, that not George the Third, but JEHOVAH the first, and the last, is king of America-He who vising means of obviating part of the two first defects dwelleth in the clouds, and whose palace is the that have been mentioned. But I wish they may heaven of heavens:-For, independent as we are add to their recommendations to each state, to surwith respect to the political systems of this world, we are still a province of the great kingdom, and fellow subject with the inhabitants of heaven.

A convention is to sit soon for the purpose of de

render up to congress their power of emitting money. In this way, a uniform currency will be produced, that will facilitate trade, and help to bind the states together. Nor will the states be deprived

Address to the people of the United States.—By Ben- of large sums of money by this mean, when sudden

jamin Rush, M. D. 1787

There is nothing more common, than to confound the terms of American revolution with those of the late American war. The American war is over: but this is far from being the case with the American revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drame is closed. It remains yet to establish and perfect our new forms of government; and to prepare the principles, morals, and manners of our citizens, for these forms of govern ment, after they are established and brought to perfection.

emergencies require it; for they may always borrow them, as they did during the war, out of the treasury of congress. Even a loan office may be better instituted in this way, in each state, than in any other.

The two last defects that have been mentioned, are not of less magnitude than the first. Indeed, the single legislature of congress will become more dangerous, from an increase of power, than ever. To remedy this, let the supreme federal power be divided, like the legislatures of most of our states, into two distinct, independent branches. Let one of them be styled the council of the states The confederation, together with most of our and the other the assembly of the states. Let the state constitutions, were formed under very unfa first consist of a single delegate-and the second, vorable circumstances. We had just emerged of two, three, or four delegates, chosen annually from a corrupted monarchy. Although we under- by each state. Let the president be chosen anstood perfectly the principles of liberty, yet most nually by the joint ballot of both houses; and let of us were ignorant of the forms and combina- him possess certain powers, in conjunction with tions of power in republics. Add to this, the Briprivy council, especially the power of appointing tish army was in the heart of our country, spread most of the officers of the United States. The ing desolation wherever it went: our resentments, officers will not only be better, when appointed of course, were awakened. We detested the Bri- this way, but one of the principal causes of faction tish name, and unfortunately refused to copy some will be thereby removed from congress. I appre things in the administration of justice and power, hend this division of the power of congress will in the British government, which have made it the become more necessary, as soon as they are investadmiration and envy of the world. In our opposi-ed with more ample powers of levying and expendtion to monarchy, we forgot that the temple of tying public money. ranny has two doors. We bolted one of them by proper restraints; but we left the other open, by neglecting to guard against the effects of our own ignorance and licentiousness.

The custom of turning men out of power or of fice, as soon as they are qualified for it, has been found to be as absurd in practice, as it is virtuous