the word sef, or namely, to the end of the clause or period. This wholesome regulation held good till the Druidical Institute as an order, became defunct, about a thousand years ago, more or less. In all this, the Triads became in their revolving and resolving course, the principal basis or nourishment of tradition, the organic life, so to speak, of its superstructure, and as an everliving poetical principle of philosophic existence, they influenced and developed, to a degree not yet sufficiently appreciated, the germs of pre-historic ancient and modern literature of the world, as I shall have occasion hereafter to advance and prove, when collating the mysterious doctrines of these Druids, with the Asiatic emanations of Virgil and his Grecian predecessors in the unbounded field of ancient pre-historic lore. Again, difficulties would arise in the clashing elements of discordant dissimilar appellations given by different nations to one given locality. Also a name of a place well known to one would be ignored (as the Atlantic Ocean in its present, or indeed in any site was, to Herodotus) by another, so as to lose all claims to identification. Let us then wait patiently for any result, however meager, from one or more of these conflicting and puzzling realities of an old immemorial world.— In this threshold of my arguments, I make you a present of two propositions-the one known, the other unknown at present. The first the eye-the second the ear. The former resolves itself into written records such as you have mentally seen-the latter comports with oral records, but found alive and auricular, as it were, in names of men and things.-In other words, Is history versus philology ?-Is philology versus history?—or, rather, does history plus philology, as its handmaiden, offer safer guarantees to my dilemma. You are of age, I know, and must decide for yourselves. Now to the expedition. The Cimmerians then, upon their exit from Kippɛpia (Cimmeria) are described, according to the combined inferences of written documents and oral traditions, as advancing westwards across the River Tyras, were they stopped for a while to do homage to the 'beddrod yn y garnedd to the sepulchral, honored, final homes, of their ancestral kings. Their remains, were, it seems, at first reduced to ashes on the funeral pile, commingled with pieces of flesh of different animals-the first born of each, it is said -generally of oxen; but those of asses were, if at hand, preferred. -garlands of olive branches intermixed with asphodel and ears of corn were also thrown thereon by one or two white-robed virgins, according to the dignity and station of the defunct; and a triple libation of wine mixed with water was then spilt on the fire-extinct embers by the officiating priest out of an Eurgyrn, a golden patera or goblet, from the root aur, gold, and corn, a horn, amid the most fervent tokens of despair and lamentation. Then the gold and silver ornaments or other cherished vestments or articles of the deceased were inclosed around the cawg neu ysten bridd, the clay-baked urn, within a cistfaen or llechau pedronglog, i.e., fourslabbed stone sepulchre, which then was closely covered over by a huge flat cloriad, a coverlid, or over-top." "Piau y bedd pedryfal, "Ai bedwar maen amytal? "Bedd Madawc Marchawg dywal! "Whose four angled tomb is this, "It is the tomb of the brave Madawc, the Prince!" Again, as correlative modern proof, one of the Mabinogion, in describing the history of Bronwen (the daughter of Llyr), who was aunt to Garadawg ab Bran ab Llyr, viz., Caractacus, the intrepid defender of his country's rights, mentions several interesting particulars of her life in Iwerddon and other localities, and goes on to remark that she eventually died, yn ynys Môn (Anglesea), and that " Bedd petryal a wnaed i Fronwen ferch Llyr ar lan Alaw, ae yno y claddwyd hi (A four-angled tomb was made to Bronwen, the daughter of Llyr on the banks of the Alaw-and there was she buried)." Her ashes were accidently found in the year 1813 by a farmer of the district, in a cawg or urn, of a form and construction, similar to others generally discovered in old tomb stones.* This precious sepulchral relic is now deposited in the British Museum. These last few ideas of sombre tint have cost me days and nights of anxious toil to get and learn. I now regret it not, though poor the labour be. When the debt of friendship and of love was paid to this sequestered holy spot-in honor of their royal sires, they went apart to see the nations' graves-the graves of those they loathed to quit Upon this "A beddau tadau' n ny tir “Nec tumulos patrum sub silentio relinquere." "Och alar! ni ddychwelant mwy i'u gwlad." they veered their course southwards, in agmine denso, across the arid, distant-view-kept flat of Dacia (from the root dac-w yonder), some on the right, others to the left, until at last the leading van cried out along to those, that from fatigue, or thirst, or mental woe, trained their tardive steps along, Tan-aw, tan-aw, tanaw; signifying spreading water, continuous water, abundant water. This royal princess must have been buried prior to the Roman invasion. Thus, Tan-aw-Dan-aw-Dan-ubius. But what does the historical bard say to all this? "O gwelaf etto'r gwiwlu "Mawr y dorf, wrlh y Mor Du. "Man y daw y Danaw Dwrf.-(Ister or Ystor.) "O! yet shall I see the worthy throng, "Innumerable in its host, on the shore of the Black Sea, "At the spot where the murmuring turmoil of the Danube "Is heard entering into its midst, with incredible commotion." But it may be asked, what became of the rear guard? This fractional division wended its way along and across the banks of the Ararus Hyd ddysgyniad rhediad yr Haul,' i.e., westwards, till they finally located themselves at the foot of Mount Cigronus, to which, when en voyage in Macedonia, I shall have occasion to refer, and erected a Druid circle, "ar ben y brin-un gaerawg wen ei goror (On a lofty hill-a rocky spot, white its borders)." These Druidical circles, be it observed, were not designed exclusively or necessarily for structures for religious worship, but for the varied purposes of social life, as courts of law to adjudicate privilege of station, possession of new lands, and mutual compact between families, (cyfraith, implying law in its proper sense). Thus, it is expressly stated in the triad, that "three things are necessary to confirm the social state: effectual security of property; just punishment where it is due; and mercy tempering justice where the occasion requires it in equity," these circles were also reserved for the display of skill and force in the combat of arms, or mental prowess between rival bards or pennillion singers, as well as a post of defence to protect the inner shrine against all and every intrusion, unauthorised by the body corporate in congress assembled. A few, also, were left behind to occupy the Caeau cawn (the fields of reed-grass), -as Caucones. Whereas another party chose the lower plains of northern Dacia i godi tau magawl (i. e., to erect portable wooden houses to live in, while sojourning in the land), from godi, or codi, to erect, from the root coed, wood, and ty, a house (the sound of the y corresponds exactly with the diphthong a), and magawl, from its root mag, the act of nursing, breeding, and aul al, appertaining to, in connexion with, hence magalia. "Miratur Molem Eneas, mayalia quondam." Whence my eye and ear, aided by the bard, detect three important truisms. 1.-The identification of the race, as Goed-ty, Getæ, an equivalent synonyme with Cedti, or Cetti, of the triad, as codi maen Cetti !' 2. The condition of social life, as early squatters and lords primeval of the Dacian soil. 3,-The unacknowledged plagiarism of Magalia, an expression, be it known, which has no definite meaning whatever, or root of its own, except by an ideal conjecture of the context. Hence were annotators, at their wit's end,' obliged 'to beat the bush of Numidia,' and permeate the meager, Punic claims of some Magar villa of the south for aid to solve the stranger word, by forcing it to mean the "Tuguria Numidium portatilia, quæ plaustris circumferanbantur." In lapse of ages, portions of this division also migrated gradually southwards, and gave the Danaw of their predecessors the name of Ystor or Ister, which signifies abundance, store, bulk, receptable. Thus here, as invariably elsewhere, in accordance with circumstantial facts and laws of nature, adaptation to events ever seems to be the rule in Cimbric nomenclature. This as well as other tribes or nations elect, hastened onwards to the favored land-the paradise of bards-the wide world balmy coasts of Deffrobani 'gwlad yr haf,' the summer land. Or "Ar fynion fach yr afon fawr." "On the circumscribed banks of the mighty stream,' "Ar lan y Mor y Beisfor cul." "On the sea coast of the narrow shallow strait or arm of sea." In the ensuing congress, a question arose as to the final adoption of a name for the province or district, on which their lot was cast-several terms had been mooted. After the requisite deliberation, the Penbardd rose up, addressed the colonists and thrice proclaimed, Trech-u! trech-u! trech-u!— Vanquished! vanquished! vanquished! But what is the meaning of this monotonous enigmatical triad? Let the chief bard again explain himself. Victory over ourselves as men; victory over the land as travellers; victory over the passage by water, as sailors or sea-faring people. Trech-u am byth! was the response, Thracia floreat usque! in other words, Thrace for ever, and one cheer more for Deffrobani ! Having in the preceding remarks accompanied the Cimmerian colonists, in gentle stages, from the northern shores of the Black Sea, to what is called by the bards, Gwlad yr haf, or Summer Land, I now must search the annals of my race to find whether any light of history can be any where seen as casting its unerring shadow on this favored spot of lost remembrance-logical deductions will not suit a certain class of minds. Some proof beyond the reach of petty cavil, or obtuseness of intellect must then be found. My witness is at hand-he refuses no cross examination from judge or jury. He is always to be seen at his private residence, Triad No. 4, where he will be most happy to entertain all candid enquirers after truth. He shall speak for himself, first, in his own language, and then an interpreter shall be called to explain his meaning. Triphost Cenedl Ynys Prydain. Cyntaf, Hu Gadarn a ddaeth a Chenedl y Cymry gyntaf i Ynys Prydain; ae o wlad yr Haf, a elwir Deffrobani y ddaethant (sef y lle mae Constinoblys), a thrwy For Tawch y daethant hyd yn Ynys Prydain a Llydaw, lle ydd arhosasant. 66 Ail, Prydain ab Aedd Mawr a wnaeth wladoliaeth a Theyrnedd gyntaf ar Ynys Prydain, a chynn no hynny nid oedd o iawn namyn o wnelyd o addfwynder, na deddf namyn trechai treisied. Trydydd, Dyfnwal Moelmud, ae efe a wnaeth Ddosparth gyntaf ar gyfreithiau a deddfau, a defodau, a Breiniau Gwlad a chenedl. Ac achaws y pethau hynny eu gelwid hwynt yn Dri phost Cenedl y Cymry." Tr. 4. The Three Pillars of the Nation of the isle of Britain. FirstHu, the vast of size, first brought the nation of the Cymry to the isle of Britain; and from the Summer Land called Deffrobani, they came, (namely the place were Constantinople now is), and through Mor Tauch they came up to the isle of Britain and Armorica, where they remained. Second-Prydain, son of Aedd the Great, first erected a government and a kingdom over Ynys Prydain, and previous to that time there was but little gentleness and ordinance, save a superiority of oppression. Third-Dyfnwal Moelmud-and he was the first that made a discrimination of mutual rights and statute law, and customs, and privileges of land and nation, and on account of these things were they called the three pillars of the Cymry. How many centuries, or centuries of ages, the Cimmerians remained at Deffrobani, or Byzantium, it would be futile and presumptuous in me to conjecture, prior either to their colonization of Asia Minor, and the isles of the Aigun coast, or even to the departure of Hu Gadarn from the shores of the Aigsun (the Axinus, through the Beisfor (Bosphorus), the Propont, the Allwysfor the emptying sea, from allwys, to discharge, to empty itself), corrupted from its Cimmerian sound into that of EXλns, an unfortunate female drowned there, it is gravely said, on her voyage to Colchis, a thousand miles, more or less, from the scene of her catastrophe: as well as through the Aigum (Egoum), the Cylchiad (Cyclades), the Myrtaw, from myr, a sea, and tau, calm, quiet, silent, (or Myrtoun Mare); then, again, along the Mor-yn-tir (the Mare internum, sea within the land'), through the Gadydonffrwt |