Political Repression in 19th Century EuropeRoutledge, 17.06.2013 г. - 432 страници Originally published in 1983. The nineteenth century was a time of great economic, social and political change. As Europe modernized, previously ignorant and apathetic elements in the population began to demand political freedoms. There was pressure also for a freer press, for the rights of assembly and association. The apprehension of the existing elites manifested itself in an intensification of often brutal form of political repression. The first part of this book summarizes on a pan-European basis, the major techniques of repression such as the denial of popular franchise and press censorship. This is followed by a chronological survey of these techniques from 1815 – 1914 in each European country. The book analyzes the long and short-term importance of these events for European historical development in the 19th and 20th centuries. |
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... urban residents who paid 20 lei or more in direct taxes, as well as those with a primary education, following certain middle-class professions or having retired from military or civil service positions, comprised 34,742 persons in 1905 ...
... urban curia, 65 votes in the poorer half of the urban curia, 260 peasants' votes or 543 workers' votes. Under the 1907 system, 200,000 large landowners chose about 50 per cent of all electors, while the other 150 million Russians were ...
... urban than in urban areas, high age requirements also tended to benefit rural areas, which were generally more conservative than the cities. The impact of high minimum age requirements in disenfranchising the poor can be clearly seen in ...
... urban areas was especially notorious in Norway, where the so-called bondeparagrafen of the 1814 constitution guaranteed urban areas one-third representation in the Storting, although 90 per cent of the population was rural. The ...
... urban areas (where so-called votos verdad, or "true votes," were cast). Therefore, the system became almost completely dependent upon massive faking of rural ballots. The two dominant parties frequently resorted to gerrymanders that ...
Съдържание
Part Two A History of Political Repression in NineteenthCentury Europe | 89 |
Part Three Summary and Conclusions | 331 |
References | 353 |
Index | 377 |