OF NEGRO HISTORY CARTER G. WOODSON EDITOR VOLUME II 1917 THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF NEGRO LIFE LANCASTER, PA., AND WASHINGTON, D. C. CONTENTS OF VOLUME II VOL. II., No. 1. JANUARY, 1917. RILEY'S Life and Times of Booker T. Washington; SCOTT AND STOWE'S Booker T. Washington, Builder of a Civilization; COR- ROTHERS' In Spite of Handicap; BURGESS' The Administration VOL. II., No. 2. APRIL, 1917. Observations on the Negroes of Louisiana. The Conditions against which Woolman and Benezet inveighed. HALL'S Andrew Johnson, Military Governor of Tennessee; PICKENS' The New Negro; SCHERER's Cotton as a World Power; WRIGHT AND HAWKINS' Centennial Encyclopædia of the African Methodist VOL. II., No. 3. JULY, 1917. CHANNING'S A History of the United States; WRIGHT's The Early VOL. II., No. 4. OCTOBER, 1917. THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOL. II-JANUARY, 1917-No. 1 SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA I. THE ORIGIN AND EXTENT OF SLAVERY IN THE SEVERAL ECONOMIC ZONES OF AFRICA Slavery in Africa has existed from time immemorial, having arisen, not from any outside influence, but from the very nature of the local conditions. The three circumstances necessary to develop slavery are: First, a country favored by the bounty of nature. Unless nature yields generously it is impossible for a subject class to produce surplus enough to maintain their masters. Where nature is niggardly, as in many hunting districts, the labor of all the population is required to meet the demands of subsistence. Second, a country where the labor necessary to subsistence is, in some way, very disagreeable. In such cases every man and woman will seek to impose the task of production upon another. Among most primitive agricultural peoples, the labor necessary to maintenance is very monotonous and uninteresting, and no freeman will voluntarily perform it. On the contrary, among hunting and fishing peoples, the labor of maintenance is decidedly interesting. It partakes of the nature of sport. Third, a country where there is an abundance of free land. In such a country it is impossible for one man to secure another to work for him except by coercion; for when |