months before as secretary to the Lord Deputy, Arthur Lord Grey of Wilton. Raleigh and Spenser, who were then young men of about eightand-twenty, became afterwards strong friends; for "Raleigh also, vigorous man of action, was a poet and a good one, and Spenser, foremost of the true Elizabethan poets, took not less interest than Milton in the vital action of his time.

In December, 1581, Raleigh was sent from Ireland to London with despatches for the Queen. In February, 1582, he went with Leicester to Antwerp. In the following April he had a new appointment as a Captain in Ireland, because as the Queen's warrant ran, "Our pleasure is to have our servant Walter Rawley trained some time longer in that our realm for his better experience in martial affairs, and for the especial care that we have to do him good, in respect of his kindred that have served us, some of them near about our person." But his office was by the same warrant to be for a while committed to a deputy, because he had "for some considerations" leave to stay in England.

It was at this time that Raleigh's character and his rare personal accomplishments began to raise him high in the Queen's favour, To this time belongs the doubtful story of the cloak gallantly spread over the wet shore at Greenwich for the Queen to walk upon. He was thirty years old, with six feet of a handsome body richly dres

broadcloths, on payment of reserve rent to herself, a licence which was worth £4,000 a year. In 1584 she also granted him the "Farm of Wines," which he sub-let for £700 a year. In 1585 he was knighted. In July, 1585, he was made successor to a deceased Earl of Bedford, in the office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries. In September, 1585, he was made Lieutenant of Cornwall, and soon afterwards Vice-Admiral of Cornwall and Devon. In 1586 he received a grant of 12,000 acres of forfeited land in Ireland. In 1587 he succeeded Sir Christopher Hatton as Captain of the Queen's Guard. This was an unpaid office of' honour about the court, but in the same year the Queen granted to Raleigh all the estates and pro-. perty that fell to the crown by the attainder of Anthony Babington for conspiring to effect the murder of Elizabeth and to set Mary on the throne. This enriched Raleigh with manors and lands in three counties, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, besides the little patrimony that he had in Devonshire.

The rise in substantial favour went side by side with Raleigh's work for the colonising of Virginia. In the spring of 1585 he equipped a fleet of seven vessels, in charge of his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, to found a colony of which Ralph Lane, joined in the charge, was to be governor. Lane

was left with 105 colonists on the island of Roanoake. In 1586 they were brought back, rescued by Drake, after they had ruined themselves by ill-treatment of the natives. They brought back with them tobacco, which was then first

introduced into England. Thomas Hariot, one of their number, published in 1588, "A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia,” in which he described the way of smoking the herb which they call appawoc, but the Spaniards tabacco. "They used to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes made of clay into their stomach and head." In May, 15 Raleigh sent out another colony of a hundred and fifty householders under Captain John White, again to fail. Between 1587 and 1602 Raleigh fitted out, at his own charges, no fewer than five Virginia expeditions, and at the very last he wrote of the land across the Atlantic, "I shall yet see it a great nation."'

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Meanwhile he was at work in other ways. fitted out and despatched privateers that brought home from the high seas wealth of Spain. endeavoured to turn famine-stricken wildernesses in Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary into regions of prosperous industry. In 1588 Raleigh's ship was lost in pursuit of the Spaniards after discomfiture of the Armada. In 1589 he was in Ireland making the first plantation of potatoes about his house at Youghal, and in friendly intercourse with Spenser, whom he brought to court in 1590, to present to Elizabeth the first three books of his Faerie Queene, which were then published in London.

In 1592 Raleigh fell into displeasure with Elizabeth about his marriage with Elizabeth Throgmorton, one of her maids of honour. Soon afterwards he planned that expedition to Guiana which this volume describes.Tempted by Spanish

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