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THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 204611
ASTOR. LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS. Fi
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THACKER, SPINK & CO.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
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LECTURE I.
THE HINDOO PERIOD.
Scope of the present subject-Nature of sources of information-Express Hindoo
law as to land-Menu does not show extent of rights in land-Obligation of
cultivator to cultivate-The king's share-The village as referred to in
Menu-The village as inferred from observation and analogy-Lord Met-
calfe's description of the village communities-Such communities found in
all parts of India-The village lands and homesteads-A self-governing cor-
poration-The development from the joint family-The lands at first held
in common but divided at an early period-Immigrants-Servile dependants
-Three classes of cultivators with interests in the land-Khoodkashts-
Their rights regulated by custom-In Southern India-Their right to occupy
so long as they cultivated and paid the customary revenue-The transfer-
ability of their rights-Rates paid by them-Paid a higher rate than other
cultivators formerly-Their privileges-The second class of cultivators-
Their rights in the land-What occupation sufficient-Less complete rights
than khoodkashts-Assessment upon them-The mere pyekashts-Rates paid
by them-Precarious nature of their rights-The village constitution-The
village officers-Mode of payment—The servile labourers of the village-The
headman-Partly elective and partly hereditary office-The State could dis-
miss-His functions-His emoluments-In Orissa villages-Dismissal-Mode
of assessment of revenue-Mode of payment-When headman refused to
agree to assessment-Headman not a farmer of the revenue-But he and the
village responsible-Headman long recognised-The putwarry and canoongoe
-The zemindar-The chowdhry-The amount of the king's share-Pro-
prietary rights
Page
1
LECTURE II.
THE MAHOMEDAN PERIOD.
The transition from the Hindoo to the Mahomedan period not a sudden one-The
Mahomedan invaders of India—Their system non-hereditary-The Hindoo
system hereditary-Struggle between the two systems-The Mahomedan
system a centralised one-The Mahomedan land theory-The Khiraj-The
vi
Ooshr-The Sowad of Irak-Proprietary rights according to Mahomedan law
-The two kinds of khiraj-Implied ownership in different persons-Resem-
blance of wuzeefa khiraj to the tax paid by the khoodkashts-Extent of pro-
prietary right-Power of alienation-Amount of khiraj-Remission of khiraj
-Mode of enforcing payment-Procedure when cultivator made default-
Waste land-Similarity between Mahomedan and Hindoo systems-The
Mahomedans continued the Hindoo system-The khiraj not formally imposed
---Attempted changes-Proprietary rights not disturbed-Proprietary rights
gradually affected by the Mahomedan system-The revenue machinery-The
headman-The origin of the zemindar-The village community-Summary
-The crory-Influence of Mahomedan and English ideas-The zemindar-
Descent of a zemindary and talook-Jageerdars-Ala-ood-deen's attempt to
curb the zemindars .
40
LECTURE III.
AKBAR'S SETTLEMENT.
Akbar's or Todar Mull's settlement for ten years-Four classes of land-Mode of
ascertaining average produce for one season-Average of ten years then
taken-New assessment lower than former rate-Proportion taken by the
State-The rebba-A fixed money-rate the main object of the settlement-
The position of the ryot not affected-The Assul toomar jumma-The old
methods of rendering the revenue might still be adopted-Remissions and
deductions-The settlement made with the ryots direct-The headman-The
zemindar-Attempted return to the Hindoo system-The settlement only
partially carried out-Commencement of the modern revenue system-Todar
Mull's assessment the basis of all subsequent assessments-The fiscal divi-
sions—Khalsa and jageer lands—Khalsa lands—Jageer lands-Havilly lands
-The soubah-The circar-The chucklah-Three stages of fiscal division-
Zemindaries-A cutcherry attached to each division of the zemindary-Fiscal
organization above the zemindar-The crory-The foujdar aumildar-Claims
of fiscal officers to hereditary rights-Military force employed in revenue
collection-The crory's emoluments-The canoongoe-The putwarry-The
chucklah superseded the circar-Attempts at centralization-Hindoos filled
the lower revenue offices, and Mahomedans the higher-The aumil-His
subordinates
67
LECTURE IV.
THE ZEMINDAR.
Hindoo times-Growth of the zemindar-The office hereditary-Conflict of
authorities-Struggle between opposing principles-The zemindar an here-
ditary revenue contractor-The sunnud-Contents of the sunnud-The arzee
-The furd-sewal-The furd-huckeekut-The muchulka-The perwanneh-
Duties of the zemindar-Amount of revenue paid by him-The zemindars
ultimately looked upon as landlords-The Nautwars-Zemindars in Behar-
The sunnuds of Jaffier Khan-A zemindary alienable-The zemindar's emo-
luments-Surplus revenue-Settlement with Government-The hustabood---
Settlement with the ryots-Mode of enhancing the ryot's rent-Customary
rates-The khamar land-Remissions of revenue-Neej-jote and nankar-
Extent of nankar-The purjote―Julkur, bunkur, ghasskur and phulkur-
Cesses-Allowances to the zemindar-The zemindar's emoluments official in
their origin-Dismissal of the zemindar-Allowances to displaced zemindars—
Under-renting-The proceedings of Jaffier Khan-His attempt to reduce the
zemindar's power-Severe measures adopted-The zemindars regained their
power-Discussion of the zemindar's position
95
LECTURE V.
THE TALOOKDAR AND OTHER OFFICERS. THE ASSESSMENT OF REVENUE AND
RENT AND THEIR AMOUNT.
The talookdar-One class sprung from the ancient rajahs-Hereditary claim-
Another class of modern talookdars-The talookdar's position-The talook-
dar's emoluments--Subordinate interests-Talooks created by zemindars-
Discussion of the talookdar's position-The canoongoe-His duties-His
emoluments-Abolition and restoration of the office-The putwarry-His
duties-His emoluments-Mode of assessment-The koot and the tookhem
rezi-The doul bundobust-The hat-hackcut-Net revenue payable by the
zemindar-Khas collection and farming-Accounts-The muzkoorat-Rent
and revenue-Settlement with the ryots-Cesses-The condition of the ryots
-Rates paid by the ryots-Amount of revenue-The assul-Abwabs-Khas-
noveesy-Jaffier Khan's abwabs-Nuzzeranah mocurrery-Zer mathoot-Ma-
thoot feelkhaneh-Foujdarry-Chout Mahratta-Ahuk-Nuzzeranah Munsoor-
gunge-Cossim Ali's abwabs-Serf sicca half-anna-The tuckseem-Propor-
tion of produce taken as revenue
149
LECTURE VI.
THE PAYMENT OF REVENUE.
ASSIGNMENTS OF REVENUE.
Payment of revenue-Payment originally in kind-Mode of ascertaining share to
be paid-Payment in kind fell into disuse-Remedies for non-payment-
Application of the revenue-Jageers-Lakhiraj-Milk-Practice of assigning
revenue very ancient-Growth of jageers-These grants usually of revenue
and not of land-Zemindar's rights in jageer lands-Milk and muddud-mash
grants-Altumghas-Jageers-Purposes for which jageers were granted-The
jageer now hereditary and alienable-The conditional jageers-The uncondi-
tional jageer-Yetool-Powers and liabilities of the jageerdar---Dues to
zemindars and the State-The Nizam's and Lord Clive's jageer-Tunkas-The
sunnud-Seyurghal grants-Ayma grants-Malgoozary aymas-Enams and
mauniums-Chakeran grants-Pykes-Services-Ghatwals-Power to resume
grant-Alienations of revenue by zemindars-Allowances in the muzkoorat—
Dewusthan-Zemindars made very extensive alienations of revenue-Khewut
—Rights in land-Express law-Custom-The Hindoo system one of joint
property-Want of market for land and of marketable value-The soil itself
not claimed by any one-The sovereign's claim to the soil-The zemindar's
claim to the soil-The cultivator's claim to the soil
LECTURE VII.
THE ENGLISH REVENUE SYSTEM UP TO THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
Early connexion of the English with Bengal-Acquisition of the Twenty-four
Pergunnahs-Acquisition of Calcutta-Acquisition of Burdwan, Midnapore,
and Chittagong-Accession to the Dewanny-Fiscal machinery-Instructions
to the supervisors—Khamar lands-The zemindars-Protection for the ryots—
The hustabood-Direct management of the revenue by the English-Revenue
farmed for five years-Abwabs and cesses prohibited-Revenue administered
from the Presidency-Review of revenue administration-Preparations for a permanent revenue system-Enquiries set on foot-Annual settlements-
A permanent plan again contemplated-Settlement for 1188-Register of revenue-free land-Rules for resumption-Settlements for 1191, 1192 and
1193-Centralisation-Instructions for Decennial Settlement-Settlement for
1194-Regulations for the conduct of the collectors-Regulations of 25th
April 1787-Legislation of 1790-Summary-Power of alienation restricted—
Proprietary rights-The fiscal machinery
LECTURE VIII
THE DECENNIAL AND PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS.
188
231
The Decennial Settlement preparatory to a Permanent Settlement-Views of Mr. Grant and Mr. Shore-Discussion between Lord Cornwallis and Mr. Shore-
The talookdars-Proprietary rights-Result of the discussion-Zemindars
forbidden to collect the sayer-Recovery of rent and revenue-Lakhiraj
Regulations-Disqualified landholders-Decennial Settlement Regulations— Mokurreree leases-Istemrardars-Settlement of the land of disqualified
proprietors Settlement with mortgagees and others-Pensions to be paid by Government-Nankar, khamar, and neej-jote-Settlement of rent-
Engagements with the under-renters-The landholders-Remedies for recovery of rent-The Permanent Settlement-Introduction of a general code of law-
Proclamation of the Permanent Settlement-Assessment on lands farmed or
held khas when sold or divided-Further provisions-Object and effect of the
Permanent Settlement-Rights of the zemindars-The zemindars not made absolute proprietors-The aurungs of Beerbhoom-Extension of cultivation. 272