Anti-Vaccination movement, by demonstrating that if Calf Vaccination becomes universal Small-Pox must disappear from the world."

Thus Dr. Wyld taking up Cow-Pox, rejected by Jenner, claims to accomplish with it all that Jenner failed to effect. For Jenner's failure has been decisive. Nor do we alone say so. Dr. Edward Ballard, a leading official in the Vaccine Department, Whitehall, emphatically testifies:

"Dr. Jenner's sanguine hope that the annihilation of Small-Pox would be the final result of his practice, has not been fulfilled. Experience has not verified his prediction. Small-Pox has not been eradicated. Let me add, that scientific observation and reasoning give no countenance to the belief that it ever will be eradicated, even from civilised communities."*

Finally, we say, have nothing to do with these Poxes in any of their varieties. They belong to a time of darkness when the laws of health were ill understood. Small-Pox is one of a series of fevers attached to wretched conditions of life, which sanitary science may teach us successfully to avoid. Even if it were proved that inoculation with some variety of Animal Pox kept off Small-Pox, we should reject it as superfluous, for we have learnt a better way. Far rather should we run the risk of Small-Pox than have our blood polluted with we know not what, and in the end have no more permanent security from Small-Pox than at the beginning. *

Jenner introduced his Horse-Grease Cow

Pox to the world in 1798 when a man of fifty. If Cow-Pox could have served his turn, he might have proclaimed its virtue in boyhood; but then he could only have appeared as the advertiser of the fancy of certain Gloucestershire dairymaids. Still, we must ask How can it be that this Cow-Pox (which did not protect these maids from Small-Pox, though caught in full venom from the cows) is going to save us from SmallPox?

Some easy-going folk may say, "It is likely enough that Cow-Pox is an old dodge with a new face, but if it sets the public mind at rest, and does no harm, is it worth raising a fuss over?"

Imposture can never be harmless; but it is vain to assume the harmlessness of Cow-Pox. Cattle are subject to many diseases, and especially to Tuberculosis, which is proved to be inoculable, to be identical with human Tuberculosis, and to run its course in man with

extreme virulence. Now, if we have to dread one disease more than another for prevalence and deadliness, it is Consumption; and with Cow-Pox it must inevitably be inoculated and diffused.

The fact is not questioned: it is merely said that with the exercise of due care the accident need rarely occur!

Thus Cow-Pox, although it cannot possibly save us from Small-Pox, will bear in it everywhere the possibility of Tubercular Consumption. t

*"On Vaccination: its Value and Alleged Dangers," p. 37. + See Vaccino-Tubercle" by W. J. Collins, B.Sc., M. R.C.S., in Vaccination Inquirer, No. 31; P. A. Taylor's Reply to Dr. Carpenter, p. 30; and "Human and Animal Variolæ," by George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S., p. 60.

DEFENCE OF PRECEDING EXPOSURE.

Some who read the foregoing article may think the expressions made use of are stronger than courtesy warrants; but, the facts being what they are, there is little scope for courtesy. In justification of the tone assumed we reproduce some observations from the Lancet of 29th October, which might have been written to meet

our case:

"The profession is probably unaware of the progress steadily made by medical quackery in its diverse forms and disguises.

"There is a sentimental and mock heroic spirit abroad which burlesques the candour of 'truthfulness,' and even mimics the impulses of lest there should be some good in it,' and we chivalry. We hesitate to condemn any system are too tender-hearted and polite to deal honestly by its promoters, even though we recognise the fallacy of their pretensions, and more than suspect their motives. This is not a faithful line of conduct in reference to our profession, nor is it loyal to Science, which is one of the many constituent parts and aspects of Truth.

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Nothing is so much needed just now as the rise in our midst of a stern and uncompromising apostle of sincerity in Science-a man of unpitying animosity to humbug in all its forms, who will not hesitate, at any bidding, to denounce wrong-doing and untruthfulness, let who may be the offenders. It is time that a spirit of manliness went out in our ranks to chase away the lying spirit of mock courtesythe faint-hearted and time-serving sentimentality-which makes us so ready to look kindly on any pretender, and so reluctant to expose any pretence.

"This is the only sentiment worthy of the medical profession in its dealings with medical quacks, and the time has come when the revival of its old spirit is most earnestly to be desired."

*Those who would know more of the subject dealt with in this article are advised to read "The Imposture of the current Small-Pox Lymph called Vaccine, and the new Imposture of Calf-Lymph." The tract, price 2d., may be had of Mr. Wm. Young, 114 Victoria Street, Westminster.

PROFESSOR A. VOGT'S POSITIONS.

In a work now in the press, entitled "The Old and New Creeds as to Vaccination," Professor Adolf Vogt, of Berne, sets forth these positions:I. That for the past fifty years all the recruits of the Prussian army have been vaccinated or re-vaccinated on joining; and that during that time 60 per cent. more deaths from small-pox have occurred in the army than among the civil population of the same age, though the latter have not been universally vaccinated, and only exceptionally re-vaccinated.

II. That a Prussian soldier is a totally different person from an infant or a weakling, but that the orthodox medical school takes no note of this difference when it concerns liability to small-pox in connection with vaccination.

III. That during the Franco-German war, in the German army, with identical conditions as to vaccination, twice as many privates were attacked by small-pox as officers; of the infantry, ten times as many as of the cavalry; and of the Hessian Contingent, sixty times as many as of the Wurtemberg Contingent. Wherefore the disease must be governed by influences totally different from that of successful vaccination.

IV. That the Bavarian Contingent, notwithstanding faultless re-vaccination, had almost five times as many deaths from small-pox in the same war as the Bavarian civil population of the same age at the same time not subjected to compulsory re-vaccination.

V.—That at that time small-pox was epidemic in Germany as well as in Switzerland before one captured Frenchman had touched the soil. Wherefore the assertion by physicians that the disease was introduced by the captives does not accord with fact.

VI. That the French prisoners in German fortresses, notwithstanding renewed vaccination on German soil, had more deaths from small-pox than the German resident troops with a protective vaccination of older date.

VII. That the disease at that time in Germany and Switzerland took a wholly different direction from the movements of the great armies.

VIII. That the imprisoned French in the Canton of Berne, who were many of them revaccinated, suffered greater mortality from smallpox than the almost wholly non-re-vaccinated Bernese population of the same age; but considerably less than the throughout re-vaccinated French prisoners in Dantzig.

IX. That in the French army for years past, that particular corps which shows almost four times fewer cases of vaccination and re-vaccination than the rest of the army, has yet fewer cases of sickness and mortality to show from small-pox.

X.-That the youth of France of the same age, free from all compulsion as to vaccination, shows almost three times fewer cases of mortality from small-pox than the army.

XI. That in the French army there is a greater mortality from small-pox among the newly re-vaccinated than among those whose vaccination is of older date; and that in the schools for recruits the years of most thorough

going re-vaccination are distinguished by a higher death-rate from small-pox.

XII. That in 1829, in the kingdom of Sardinia, the re-vaccinated troops brought the smallpox from Nice to Turin; that in 1832 in Treviglio the re-vaccinated soldiers were the first to be attacked by small-pox, and to spread it; and that in 1869 in the Netherlands, small-pox emanated from the re-vaccinated troops, and was by them conveyed to distant parts.

XIII.—That the miracle of the immunity of pock-marked persons, or of the rarity of a second attack of the disease, preached by the priests of the old-fashioned vaccination creed, rests upon their ignorance of the doctrine of probabilities, which shows us that without the acceptance of any wonderful theory of immunity, the rarity of a second attack must be taken into account with regard to all diseases to which certain times of life cxhibit a differing liability, and which appear periodically in an epidemic manner.

XIV.-That a person is perfectly secure from small-pox who has already has it, either in a natural way, or artificially by inoculation with human or bestial pox; but that of any preservative power when the diseased condition has passed away, we know nothing; and that the presumption of a prospective protective power is based upon ignorance.

XV-That the temporary absence of smallpox from a country cannot be attributed to a temporary immunity produced by the morbification of the people by vaccination. This doctrine of morbification set up by the Swiss Sanitary Commission is a figment of the imagination, springing from ignorance of the history of the disease. [Morbification-durchseuchung.]

XVI. That the three-and-a-half millions dying of small-pox in Old Mexico, brought forward as a bogey by the same Commission, were never counted by anyone, and, according to the reports of eye-witnesses, most of them fell victims to famine.

XVII. That the fantastic doctrine of morbification, on which the benefit of vaccination is based, is shown by exact examination to be jugglery, by means of which the irreconcilable contradictions of the orthodox vaccination creed are sought to be concealed.

XVIII. That the immunity from small-pox enjoyed by the conquerors of Mexico, and attributed to a previous morbification, is an invention of the Swiss Sanitary Commission; and only holds good as an argument when the spread of smallpox at the same time by the conquerors of Peru is kept out of sight.

XIX. That in Sweden at the time of the introduction of vaccination at the beginning of this century, small-pox was steadily subsiding, which, however, was not the case in Finland, although that country was in receipt of the same blessing. The Swiss Commission relate that small-pox vanished from Sweden with the first introduction of vaccination; but are discreetly silent about Finland.

XX. That in Sweden, the classic model-illustration of the blessings of vaccination, small-pox has for several decades been again on the increase, as also in England, Prussia, the Canton of Zurich, &c.

XXI.-That the ancient Arabian superstition, that "everyone must have small-pox once in his life," was formulated as a dogma by the inoculators of the last century, and is perpetuated by the vaccinators of to-day, in order by terrorism to maintain compulsory laws for their own advantage. XXII. That according to the incomparable statistical logic of which the orthodox small-pox statistician avails himself, one single "homoeopathic varioloid poisoning with vaccine proves more protective than actual human small-pox; that, therefore, a still further dilution of the protective lymph, until it loses active power, or a still less frequent vaccination than once in a lifetime, would justify the strongest hope of finally rooting out the disease.

XXIII.-That in Italy, three years before the first attempts at Vaccination, and nine years before its introduction into the country, small-pox was beginning to disappear, and continued to diminish for thirty-one years, and that the vaccinators represented and claimed this phenomenon as the result of their operations.

XXIV. That in the small-pox epidemic of 1829 in the Kingdom of Sardinia, no parallel could be drawn between the condition of the

people as regarded vaccination, and their illness, recovery, or death from small-pox.

XXV. That in the same country, from 1824 to 1848, vaccination was more and more neglected, and yet small-pox never again reached the height of 1829.

XXVI. That in the eight years, 1866-75, Prussia, with its compulsory vaccination laws, exhibited a higher death-rate from small-pox than Holland during the same period, though Holland was much more negligently vaccinated, and then without a vaccination law.

XXVII. That in Scotland and Bavaria, where during the first six and the first fifteen months of life respectively vaccination is compulsory, mortality from small-pox in the first years of life greatly exceeds the small-pox mortality of the later of childhood in the case of the Netheryears lands, where vaccination is generally performed at a later period of the child's life; at which period, however, a strikingly high death-rate from small-pox is observable.

XXVIII. That the Dutch provinces which showed the highest number of vaccinations in 1870, had in 1871 the highest small-pox mortality.

XXIX. That the different races living in Holland, under almost identical conditions as to vaccination, show a fivefold difference in the death-rate from small-pox.

XXX.-That the half of Holland which is most thickly populated has a death-rate from small-pox four times as large as that of the more thinly populated half, though the conditions as regards vaccination differ in no essential respect.

XXXI.-That in those divisions of Holland in which the population is three times as dense as in the other divisions, the small-pox death-rate during the last severe epidemic was four to five times higher; and that density of population alone exercises an infinitely greater influence upon the disease than vaccination does.

XXXII.-That at all times and in all places, the conditions and habits of life-in a word, the

social position of the people in question-influences the spread and intensity of most diseases, and specially of small-pox; and that vaccination has no such influence.

XXXIII. That it testifies to incapacity for logical thought to bring two facts such as varioloid disease and vaccination into causal connection when they as often contradict as affirm each other.

XXXIV. That the dogma of vaccination represents the pure negation of Epidemiology and Hygiène.

Having in my pamphlet proved these positions, I leave to those in authority the responsibility of laws which compel every citizen, at his own cost, and without any compensation in case of injury, to subject his children to an operation as to the dangers of which there is no longer any doubt, and as to the benefit of which physicians themselves know nothing. A. VOGT. Animam meam salvavi!

MEDICAL DISTRUST.

[THE apparent enthusiasm of medical men in is much apathy, much scepticism, and much posifavour of vaccination is largely factitious. There tive disbelief and contempt among them concerning the practice, as will be abundantly manifest when the trade union tyranny connected with the prescription becomes relaxed. Since the publication of Mr. P. A. Taylor's Reply to Dr. Carpenter, he has been the recipient of many medical confidences and congratulations, and the following passages from a letter addressed to him by an eminent country practitioner represent convictions widely entertained.]

It is evident you have at heart a thorough criticism of the merits of vaccination; and that criticism in the presence of unmitigated epidemics of small-pox should have been so long one sided confirms the historic truth that a faith once established will long hold its own against facts directly opposing. am not on the rolls of an antivaccination league, nor do I say vaccination has not a mitigative effect on small-pox, but after twenty years of experience as a Public Vaccinator, and forty years of extensive public and private practice, I entertain great doubts on the point. I have seen many of the very worst cases of confluent small-pox after typical vaccination and re- vaccination, and very mild cases and exemptions without vaccination. I can speak positively, from overwhelming evidence in my own practice and that of others, of frequent evil results from vaccination-such as inveterate eczema and glandular enlargements. If any medical man should deny such consequences of vaccination, he must be prepared to deny that teething and other irritations are fraught with danger to the quick susceptibilities of infantile life. Vaccination is a disturbing cause, frequently more so than measles, and much more so than ordinary dentition. Yet to a scrofulous child, or a child of delicate parents, measles and dentition, in themselves and their sequences, are rightly regarded as stages of serious danger. How, then, can the disturbance of vaccination be without its secondary dangers? How can it fail to irritate and light up (as it often does) any latent disease in the child's constitution?

I do not believe "Cow-Pox" and Small-Pox to be modified forms of one disease. Small-pox attacks equally male and female of the human species; but whoever heard of Bull-pox? If the diseases were identical, how could only one sex of the bovine family be affected by the epizootic? The great fact of repeated epidemics of small-pox sweeping the country, unstayed by the most assiduous vaccination, was lately sought to be met by vaccination from the calf. It was advanced as a theory, that interminable transmissions had altered the protective character of the lymph; but it is not found that the virus of small-pox is altered by transmission, nor that of scarlet fever, nor of measles, nor of any other propagable malady.

I refuse to believe in statistics as against palpable facts. Is it likely, Sir, that whilst ninetynine in a hundred of public vaccinators are necessitous men, and take vaccination appointments to weave out their thread-bare living, that they allow many children to escape? I have seen with disgust wretched, ricketty, blear-eyed children pressed relentlessly into this medical service.

Let us see how the law stands in relation to such cases. A child, however diseased or idiotic, must be certified as unfit for vaccination; and this certificate must be repeated every two months during the lifetime of the child. The registrar sends a sharp official notice to the parents if the certificate be not furnished in due time; so that at last the parents or guardians, weary of the trouble and expense, surrender the wretched child to the demanded operation.

The cruelty is, no doubt, unintended. The law was made by enthusiasts who could not foresee the details of its working; and it is carried out by men who make each case contribute a fraction to their necessities, with savage energy.

As to the authorities, that is men holding in one form or other vaccination appointments under the Government, or Poor Law Guardians, how can they be expected to give disinterested opinions? An epidemic of small-pox breaks out in a certain locality, and an Inspector is sent to examine the arms of the afflicted. A great number of those who have suffered he pronounces imperfectly vaccinated. If they have vaccine scars in one arm, he will probably say they should have been vaccinated on both arms. His verdict is always against the mode, never against vaccination; but a just censor might fairly refer to the Vaccinating Officer's official report to the Board of Guardians, and he will certainly find the words "Successfully Vaccinated" recorded against the name of the child whose vaccination the Inspector has condemned.

beyond the conviction that the law enforcing vaccination is severe out of all proportion to the benefit it confers.

INFORMATION EXTRAORDINARY.-In the Manchester Guardian of Nov. 12 there was a notice of the death of Baroness Dimsdale, and an account of the Dimsdale family, wherein it was related that Dr. Dimsdale was a friend of Dr. Jenner, that he recognised the inestimable value of vaccination, and was dispatched to Russia in 1762 to vaccinate the Empress Catherine. In 1762 Jenner was a lad of thirteen, and vaccination unpublished. Dimsdale was a small-pox inoculator, and had played his part and gone into retirement long ere Jenner came upon the scene.

DR. GARTH WILKINSON is loved of many readers, to whom his every word is precious. He has just written a short paper entitled "Pasteur and Jenner: An Example and a Warning," in which the case against the new inoculation is set forth with graphic power. Copies may be had of Mr. William Young, 114, Victoria-street, S.W., price 1d.

SMALL-POX IN AUSTRALIA.-Our friend, Mr. J. M. Newnham, who recently sailed for Australia, and whose address is now Omega Retreat, Kiama, Sydney, writes:-"I had a splendid voyage, and went ashore at Adelaide, where the first thing I saw was a poster, in red and black, with SmallPox, Vaccination and Re-Vaccination in big letters, and the common stock fables in smaller type, which stirred up my wrath. 'Persecution makes a wise man mad,' and of persecution I know something. Everybody seemed afraid, because small-pox had been brought to Sydney by the Chinese, and the English in Sydney caught smallpox because they had not been vaccinated. Most medical men in Australia have never seen a case of small-pox, but when I surveyed the back streets of Sydney, it seemed to me that quarters were ready for the disease. The scare in Sydney was indescribable, and great barbarity was practised on the afflicted and those who came in contact with them. Nothing is so merciless as terror. The doctors who visited small-pox patients were put in quarantine, which was logical and grand. Now reaction has set in, and the people are ashamed of themselves, and confess their folly. The Sydney Herald has done good service in assisting the recovery of sanity, and has published the truth bravely. The doctors are contradicting each other furiously, and in their conflict the public_receive many instructive lessons. As at home, when the small-pox was prevalent, the death-rate fell below the average; so that, as I kept saying, 'You are most afraid of death when there is the least death to be afraid of.""

MR. JOHN SAVAGE, of Kinsale, is entitled to

Small-pox is unquestionably less virulent than formerly; but then domestic hygiene and food are better. Medical men, habitually engaged in acts of kindness, are, as a rule, superior to their fellows; but monetary necessity presses heavily on the mass of them, and if 2s. 6d. were offered for each successful case of vaccination, and 3s. 6d. fór each successful case of small-pox, believe me, Sir, they would soon testify emphatically to the superiority of the latter.

I have no interest whatever in this matter,

vaccinators. Summoned and fined over and over again, he remains indomitable, poor man though he be, and punishes his cowardly aggressors severely. During the hearing of his last summons, he cited the case of a sorely-afflicted child, certified as successfully vaccinated by Dr. Dorman, and was denounced in the open court as a liar by Dr. Dorman. Well-the liar in the case was not Mr. Savage. Subsequently he applied for a summons against the Doctor for abusive language, which was refused. Had Savage described Dorman in similar terms, there would have been no hesitation; but such is justice!

SPEECH OF DR. HUBERT BOËNS, (President of the Second International Anti-Vaccination Con

gress at the close of the meetings at Cologne, Oct. 12, 1881). HONOURED COLLEAGUES, Summing up the results of this brilliant session, we observe that a fact of the greatest importance has been firmly established-namely, that vaccine is an unhealthy excretion, a product from which Nature is striving to set the body free, a germ or originator of disease. So far from being the innocent blessing which the believers in Jenner pretend when they use their time-honoured formula: "If it does you no good, it will do you no harm," it has been proved by your untiring researches that, on the contrary, it can do no good, and may do much harm. Messrs. Dudgeon, Schoppe, and many others have definitively established truths which, thanks to our International Association, will soon make the circuit of the civilised world. Vaccine is injurious to health, not only of itself, but by the excitation and induction of other diseases. In Germany and England the number of newlyvaccinated infants perishing at the outset of life may be counted by thousands, and the same fatality will be detected in the Latin countries as soon as observation is brought to bear.

In their mischievous effects, the vaccine lymphs are alike, whether obtained from children or from calves. The one is too often taken from the classes subject to syphilis and scrofula, the oncedreaded 66 king's evil;" the other is specially liable to convey lung-complaint; and the peculiar morbid phenomena excited in the vaccinated patients is the compound result of whatever disease exists in their constitution, and the special fermentation caused by the addition of the vaccine complaint. Verde de Lisle, Ancelon, Carnot, and others have statistically shown that universal vaccination bodes universal deterioration of the

human species; that it augments the mortality of infancy and youth; that it has doubled the deaths in the military hospitals; increased the number and fatality of small-pox epidemics; and rendered its adherents specially subject to diseases of a typhoid character. In short, the more a nation is vaccinated, the more it will suffer from each zymotic epidemic, and the more rapid will be its physical decline.

Pardon me for omitting to particularise the long roll of intelligent and learned men who have contributed such valuable documentary evidences -the Oidtmanns, the Vogts, the Bakers, and the Tebbs now present among us, and the equally ardent supporters of intellectual freedom in civilised Europe, whose best wishes are accompanying our efforts. And here I am sure I shall offend no legitimate amour-propre, when, among all the distinguished chiefs of the devoted band now engaged in the more than benedictine duty of attacking the vaccine superstition, I name one whose modesty is equal to his knowledge, who speaks little and thinks and writes much-the able statistician Lohnert.

The second fact, and one of remarkable importance, which we have incontestably acquired, and which the vaccine supporters are unable statistically to disprove, is that vaccine lymph-be its origin what it will-is powerless to protect against the small-pox. The statistical

figures collected from the old and the new world by Messrs Oidtmann, Vogt, Lohnert, Newman, Siljeström, and numerous other investigators, are indubitable proofs of the accuracy of this assertion.

Vaccinators themselves are gradually losing confidence in their earlier beliefs. Originally they undertook to defend for life; subsequently the limit was narrowed to twenty, to fifteen, and even to ten years. To-day there are sincere believers to be met with who reduce the immunity to one year. Even this short period is incapable of proof, for it is the sanitary conditions which accompany the application of the vaccine, the strict observation and application of the eternal laws of health, that are the sole agents in procuring immunity from small-pox and epidemic maladies in general.

:

You have also clearly demonstrated a third fact that small-pox is by no means so dangerous and unmanageable as is generally taught. Much has been due to improper treatment, but vaccinators have made a stalking-horse of its sensational terrors, in order to frighten a timid and uncritical world into the reception of their blessing. Smallpox is not the wild and untamable scourge that legislators are so apt to imagine. We have cited remarkable examples of small-pox epidemics stopped in full swing or checked in the very outbreak by the application of the only valid preservatives, the agents which the genuine science of health has placed at our disposal.

Large sums of money are annually paid to the vaccine profession, not only for the operation, but for attendance on its consequences; and whether the patient recovers, or whether he dies, the result is the same; gratuities and honorary distinctions to the profession are unchecked and continuous. In this point of view the proposition of our esteemed coadjutor, Dr. Pigeon, is of high importance. It supplies us with a new weapon in the social struggle which we have undertaken with a disinterestedness which has no equal and a determination which cannot be suppressed.

The vaccinator in his office is not treating a sick man; he is assuring an individual that the operation will prevent him from suffering from a particular disease. But if, instead of preserving him from illness, the vaccinator makes him ill, is not the act one for which some person ought to be rendered accountable? When a limb is injured, purposely or accidentally, in man or beast, the law provides redress; and why should the vaccinator be specially exempted from responsibility in cases of injury to the patient? The question answers itself. But on whom ought the responsibility to fall? In countries where freedom reigns, it is the operator who ought to be held responsible for injurious consequences, but where vaccination is compulsory, the State itself ought to recompense the sufferer.

Finally, science is on our side, facts are in our favour, and public opinion will range itself under our banners as soon as the responsibility of the vaccinator is properly established and enacted. The press will not be able to stifle our arguments much longer. The current of anti-vaccine opinion is one of those that become irresistible. Our thanks are especially due to Germany, for it is to the admirable researches of its learned