saved 6,000,000 from small-pox. That Italy was freed from small-pox is true, and the exemption of the population, whether vaccinated or unvaccinated, was prolonged over nearly thirty years. The disappearance of the disease had, however, set in before vaccination was heard of, but the subsidence was claimed for Sacco, although it extended to millions of Italians who owed nothing to the new prophylactic. From some cause undefined, and possibly undefinable, the area and intensity of small-pox was signally diminishing in several European populations towards the close of last century, and this in spite of the stimulus applied to the disease by variolous inoculation. It may have been so stimulated as to have been worked out-forced, as it were, to exhaustion, after the habit of much else, good and bad, when developed to the extremity of existence. As grand vaccinator Dr. De Carro, of Vienna, was scarcely less distinguished than Sacco. He was a Swiss from Geneva, who had studied and graduated at Edinburgh, and settled in Vienna. He performed the first vaccination on the Continent, in 1799, with virus conveyed on a couple of threads from Dr. Pearson; and in 1802 he succeeded in transmitting the first effective virus to India. De Carro conducted his operations with great energy and tact, and in 1802 he induced the Austrian Government to issue an ordinance conferring on vaccination Imperial sanction and recommendation. Concurrently with this activity small-pox abated, and post hoc was converted into propter hoc. De Carro was credited with the extinction of small-pox in Vienna, but it was never pretended that more than a portion of the citizens had been vaccinated, and those chiefly who, under ordinary circumstances, were least likely to be affected by the disease, the mass of the lower orders remaining untouched; Vienna thus supplying another instance of the vicarious influence of the Jennerian rite. Sacco and De Carro corresponded with Jenner, and it is worth noting that both concurred with him in the opinion that cow-pox originated in horse-grease; and, further, that horse-grease was as good against small-pox. as horse-grease cow-pox itself. Indeed, Sacco set up a stock of virus derived from horse-grease, operated with it, and supplied De Carro, who used it so freely in Vienna that, as he said, he could not tell the vaccinated from the equinated. Writing to Jenner, June 21, 1803, De Carro observed:: "The means of making your discovery were everywhere; yet nobody before you had the least idea of the singular connection between the horsegrease, the cow-pox, and the small-pox." The favour shown for vaccination by the English Court facilitated its adoption throughout Germany; and yet it might be said the craze went of itself, compelling patronage and exacting advocacy. The King of Prussia opened a Royal Inoculation Institute in Berlin, and tracts and medals, speeches and sermons, were brought into requisition to recommend the new rite. From the furore created, many were led to believe that all Prussia was vaccinated, and as small-pox Baron's "Life of Jenner," vol. ii., p. 432. ceased to prevail, cow-pox had the credit. To vaccinate a nation, however, is far from easily accomplished, and when we refer to the official accounts, we discover that, notwithstanding great ado, the numbers operated upon constituted less than a tithe of the people. Jenner cites a report of Professor Avelin, of Berlin, in a letter to Moore, Feb. 15, 1812, as authority for these statistics: pox inoculation, or the Jennerian Feast, was cele"The anniversary of the invention of the cowbrated very solemnly at Berlin on May 14. By public accounts, it appears that there were inoculated in all the Prussian States "At these times the population was about 9,743,000. From 1806 to 1810 (since the horrible war and the diminution of the population to 4,338,000) the inoculated were 160,329. Dr. Bremer alone at the Royal Institute in Berlin inoculated 14,605. The total, as officially and voluntarily sent to the Government, amounted to 402,720 vaccinated, but certainly one-half was not officially mentioned. It may certainly be at least 600,000, or even 800,000." Supposing a million had been vaccinated in Prussia in the course of ten years, let us ask once more, how could they have saved the remaining millions from small-pox? Yet, with knowledge of these figures, Moore, the Director of the National Vaccine Establishment in London, did not hesitate to write : "The King of Prussia directed his children to be vaccinated, and also issued orders that vaccination should be immediately employed in the army, and the new practice encountered no further difficulties. By which, and by the total abandonment small-pox rapidly declined; and in a few years of variolous inoculation throughout Germany, the was extinguished in some of the largest cities, from whose purlieus infectious diseases are expelled with great difficulty. Thus even in Vienna, where full four hundred persons had annually been destroyed by the small-pox, this mortality diminished rapidly after the introduction of the vaccine, and in five years absolutely ceased." † inoculation. At the coronation of Alexander in Moscow in 1801 a foundling was operated on, christened Vaccinoff, pensioned for life, and dis-. patched to St. Petersburg to serve as a source of virus for other foundlings. Then followed imperial decrees prescribing vaccination, and Dr. Crichton was directed to organise a medical staff for the performance of the rite in each province of the Empire. In 1811 a ukase was issued commanding all Russians to be vaccinated within three years. As measuring the possibilities_of despotism in such a matter, we learn from Dr. Russia, of course, followed suit in cow-pox Crichton that between 1804 and 1812 there were 1,235,597 vaccinations performed in Russia-a similar number to that which Sacco professed to have accomplished in Northern Italy in a like Baron's "Life of Jenner," vol. ii., p. 378. 138 period. It was estimated in Russia that of every seven children born, one perished of small-pox, and therefore Crichton argued the lives of 176,514 had (up to 1812) been saved by vaccination. The calculation illustrates the facility with .which the early vaccinators deceived themselves -first, as to the certainty of their prophylactic, and, second, in assuming that the reduction of small-pox represented the reduction of mortality. From Crichton, too, we learn that there were anti-vaccinists in Russia in those days:— 66 Notwithstanding the supreme order of His Imperial Majesty, that all his subjects be vaccinated within three years, we find that, powerful as his Majesty is, this cannot be executed. There is a power greater than sovereignty, namely, the conscience or religious opinions of men, and in one or two of the distant governments there exists a peculiar religious sect belonging to the Greek Church, who esteem it a damnable crime to encourage the propagation of any disease, or to employ any doctors, or to swallow any medicines under the visitations of God. Reason has been employed in vain with these poor people; they have been threatened with severe punishments in case they remain refractory, but all to no purpose. that no punishment has been resorted to, though You may well imagine threatened, and the Government has come to the wise conclusion of leaving the dispute to time."* To complete this rapid survey of the diffusion of vaccination through Europe, there remains Sweden, with Finland and Denmark; but as the case of Sweden is specially interesting and instructive from the fulness and precision of its vital statistics, coupled with the claim made by vaccinators that Sweden affords irrefutable evidence of the efficacy of their prescription, we reserve it for another article. There is nothing pleasanter than finding the strongholds of our antagonists, capturing, and occupying them. MR. P. A. TAYLOR AND THE BRITISH THE absolute silence of Dr. Carpenter and the The British Medical Journal of this week attempts a little of this nibbling at my figures, but it is only meant for those who have not seen my. letter, against the facts contained in which it offers only whimpering puerility! As 100,000 copies of my lettter are now in process of circulation, any readers of the British Medical Journal who may desire to test the value of its article will have no difficulty in doing so. 22, Marine Parade, Brighton, Oct. 17, 1881. P. A. TAYLOR. * Baron's Life of Jenner," vol. ii., p. 186. THE INTERNATIONAL ANTI-VACCINATHE second International Anti-Vaccination ConTION CONGRESS. gress, which has been anticipated with so much interest, was held at Cologne on the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th October. It has been a most encouraging success, and probably not exceeded by any public demonstration in the history of the movement. It will be remembered that last year the first Paris, and had the effect of drawing public attenCongress was held at the Salle des Conférences, tion to the question of vaccination throughout the Continent, and especially in those States where the rite is enforced by pains and penalties. On that occasion the Times reporter attended statistical and official evidence, whereby the several of the sittings, and was supplied with failure of the State preventive was demonstrated. It is presumed that these documents were sent to Printing House-square, for immediately after an article appeared, Dec. 15, referring to the International opposition to compulsory vaccination, and submitting that, as the longer be considered tenable, preventive dogma of the vaccinators could no "The advocacy of vaccination might with advantage be placed on a different ground from that which has commonly been urged by its supporters, and as if the operation might be recommended or enforced, not as a means of preventing smallpox, but as a means of preventing mortality from it when it occurs." supporters who took part in the Cologne proOn October 9 most of the forty-five delegates and ceedings had arrived and assembled for a convergreetings and congratulations, the meeting was sazione at the Frankischer Hof, and, after mutual called to order by Dr. Oidtmann. Each delegate announced his name standing, after a fashion common in some parts of Germany, and subsequently signed the register. Mr. Tebb, few remarks expressive of his gratification being called upon by the Chairman, made a over the re-union of so many friends in so London Society and other energetic English good a cause, and pledging the co-operation of the workers, until the mischievous and degrading laws in favour of vaccination were repealed. Dr. Oidtmann then spoke as follows:"Gentlemen, we welcome the delegates of the. Belgium, Switzerland, France, and America. We Anti-Vaccination Societies of Germany, England, thank you for your presence in the name of the millions in Europe who suffer under the infliction children of Cologne, and in the name of the of vaccination. We also welcome them in the the liberty of which compulsory vaccination has name of that science by which we shall win back of those members of the Imperial Diet, who bereft us. Lastly, we welcome you in the name have for ten years contended against compulsory vaccination, and who are resolved in the next session of the Diet to bring the law to a final reckoning. "We shall proceed to redeem the pledges given at last year's Congress in Paris, never to rest until compulsion is withdrawn from vaccination throughout civilised society. "In Germany the contest, waged for ten years, has brought upon our opponents many ignominious defeats, compelling them to a complete change of front. The medical press laboriously endeavour to conceal these disasters, but they are written at large in the new tactics wherewith they confront us. "As to the fitness of Cologne for our place of assembly, let me mention a few incidents. In the Middle Ages it was alleged that old women enacted the part that is ascribed at this day to unvaccinated infants. When at that period pestilence broke out among men and cattle, old women were held accountable, were accused, prosecuted, and burnt. A compulsory law was then in existence, which bore a strong resemblance to one of our Vaccination Acts. The Grand Inquisitor Sprenger, in 1489, was the author of the law. Two centuries later this law was arraigned and repealed by the action of a citizen of Cologne. In 1640-1650 ja Catholic priest, a Jesuit, Count Spee, challenged the atrocious law; denounced it as based on untruth; said it was impossible that any old woman could originate sickness and pestilence in man or beast; and his contention was, in the end, admitted in the ancient city of Cologne. "From Cologne there has appropriately issued the grand petition to the Diet against compulsory vaccination, bearing upwards of 10,000 signatures. We have, too, the distinction of sending a citizen of Cologne to the Reichstag, a second Count Spee, Mr. Aug. Reichensperger, who has since 1872 been actively engaged in agitating for the repeal of the compulsory vaccination law. and was supported by Dr. Adolf Vogt, Professor of Medicine and Hygiene, Berne University; Dr. H. Oidtmann, of Linnich, the able and indefatigable leader of the anti-vaccination movement in Germany, and the author of a score of works upon the subject; Dr. E. A. Meyner and Herr Löhnert, of Chemnitz; Dr. Weber, of Duisburg; Dr. Ch. Pigeon, of Fourchambault; Dr. H. Schoppe, of Bonn; Mr. Thomas Baker, of the Inner Temple; and Mr. William Tebb, of London, &c. Much regret was felt at the unavoidable absence of that veteran opponent of medical despotism, Count Zedtwitz, of Vienna. A meeting of the Dutch Anti-Vaccination League was convened at Amsterdam on October 9, to elect delegates to the Congress, but as none attended it was supposed that some misunderstanding had occurred with reference to the date. A letter from Dr. Monnik, of Vorden, bears out this surmise. It will be remembered that last year Holland sent four delegates to the Paris Congress, of whom two were professors at the Amsterdam University Dr. Fabius, Professor of Jurisprudence, being Secretary of the League for Holland, which aims to abolish a system of indirect compulsion, similar to that which prevails in the United States of America. A series of maps were exhibited, showing the incidence of small-pox and vaccination by Dr. Oidtmann, Mr. Carl Löhnert, and others; also tables demonstrating from Swedish official returns that small-pox epidemics have come and gone wholly irrespective of vaccination-the heaviest "In Germany so much progress has been made epidemics sometimes following hard upon the most that little remains to be done. The time has thorough-going vaccination. The English Parliapassed when our opponents dealt in scorn and mentary Returns, Vaccination Mortality, No. 433, vilification; and M. Pasteur dropped into an 1877; Deaths-England and Wales, No. 392, anachronism when some time ago he ventured to 1880; Mortality, General and Infant, No. 76, 1881; describe anti-vaccinists as ignoramuses. Even copies of the numerous works of Dr. Oidtmann, our nominal opponents are working for us. It Dr. Hubert Boëns, Dr. A.Vogt, and Dr.C. Pigeon; was Virchow who attacked the inoculation of Mr. Tebb's "Our Legislators on the Vaccination sheep and assisted to repeal the law; and it was Question"; the "National Anti-Compulsory VacFlinzer, of Chemnitz, who made an end of the cination Reporter"; the " Vaccination Inquirer "; chief data on which vaccine legislation is based. "What Small-pox and Vaccination Is," by Mrs. It is Dr. Thilenius, our leading pro-vaccinator, Hume-Rothery; Dr. Garth Wilkinson's "Vaccinawho surrenders statistics as the defence of vacci- tion Tracts"; and about thirty different publicanation, who exonerates from censure those who tions of the London Society; and photographs of evade the law, and admits that the immunity cases of terrible injury and disease resulting from of unvaccinated infants from small-pox is well vaccination. The clever cartoon of the Leiceste r known. Fifty years hence it will, perhaps, be "Town Crier," showing how successfully Mr. P. A. said of these gentlemen, our opponents, that it Taylor had crushed and overwhelmed Dr. W. B. was they who brought about the downfall of Carpenter, created much amusement. The extent compulsory vaccination. and variety of anti-vaccination literature from the volumes of more than a thousand pages of Dr. German, of Leipsic, to the broad-sheets and leaflets of the various Leaguers, must have occasioned surprise to those visitors and reporters who were new to the subject. We hope soon to have a catalogue of the English and foreign publications, for the benefit of inquirers and others. Our space will not permit of our reproducing all the letters sent from Europe and America to the Secretary, showing the interest taken in this International gathering, but we cannot refrain from quoting a few. The Countess de Noailles, one of the most generous supporters of the cause in England, or indeed in Europe, wrote:-"You well know the intense interest which I have taken in the subject for fifteen years; in fact I am con "The future historian may also allege that in ignorance and at the instance of life insurance companies, the German Diet enacted compulsory vaccination; but when better instructed by Virchow and others the Diet hastened to undo the folly. "There therefore remains but little for us to accomplish in Germany, but the German antivaccinists will always be found ready to reciprocate the assistance they have received from England, Belgium, and Switzerland." On Monday evening, at ten o'clock, the Congress was formally organised, under the presidency of Dr. Hubert Boëns, of the Belgian Academy of Medicine, in one of the large salons of the Hotel, to. On Monday, Dr. Oidtmann, as Secretary, opened the German Section of the Congress, and proposed Professor Vogt, M.D., of Berne, as President, and Dr. Weber as Vice-President, which was agreed About thirty delegates were present, in addition to a score of visitors, representing France, Prussia, Saxony, Wurtemburg, Belgium, Switzerland, and England. The United States was represented by Mr. William Tebb, at the request of Dr. Alex Wilder, President of the New York Anti-Vaccination League. Dr. Hubert Boëns, in an adress of great force and eloquence, gave an historical résumé of the formation and results of the International League, and the hopes centered upon it for effecting the objects in view. He referred to the ignorance of the major part of the French and Belgian physicians on the vaccination question, and dwelt at considerable length on the dogmas and pretensions of M. Pasteur, which he met and refuted point by point. vinced that compulsory vaccination is the greatest ber Extraordinary of the Royal Statistical Comevil under the sun-in civilized countries at least- | mission, Bavaria; Count Adof Zedtwitz, Rector; because the one that alone extends to every child P. A. Siljeström, late member of the Swedish. born in the country, which can be said of no Parliament, and author of several pamphlets on other bad law." Mr. Alderman Tatham, Mayor of the results of vaccination in Sweden; Mr. Leeds, regretted his inability to attend, and wished Kenchenius, member of the Dutch Parliament, the cause every success. Dr. C. T. Pearce, said: and President of the Netherlands Anti-Vaccina"I cannot but rejoice to know that a movement tion League; Dr. Garth Wilkinson; Mr. Enoch in which I took chief part in promoting in Robinson, late Medical Officer of Health for England so many years ago has spread so widely Dukinfield; Mr. W. J. Collins, member of the here, and extended so far in all the world." Dr. Executive Committee of the London Society; Dr. Ancelon, of Nancy, wrote:-"We are in France Monnik, of Vorden, Holland; Mr. Henry Beigh, much interested in the success of the approaching President of the American Society for the PreCongress at Calogne, inasmuch as one of the vention of Cruelty to Animals, New York; Mr. deputies for the Department of the Meuse-M. Francis Davis, jun., Enniscorthy, etc., etc. Liouville-bas formulated the malificent notion of proposing a murderous law (loi meurtrière) in France to compel all citizens to vaccinate and re-vaccinate according to the caprices and pleasures of Messieurs the vaccinators. You may reckon on my complete devotion to your cause. Dr. J. W. Jackson, one of the leading hygiests in America, dating from Dansville, New York, said: "My head and my heart are with the International League for obtaining the abolition of compulsory vaccination, but as it is impossible for me to be present, I beg to extend my most earnest wishes and sympathies for its success." Dr. G. Rushmore, of Plainfuld, New Jersey, wrote to Mr. Tebb:-"I am sorry that I missed seeing you when in this country two years ago. With your anti-compulsory movement I am in strong sympathy, and wish the Congress success." Dr. C. L. Spinzig, author of one of the most valuable and important works published in America on small-pox and vaccination, wrote from St. Louis:-"As early as my health will permit I shall reply to M. Pasteur, and hope to prove that the foundation of his superstructure is unscientific, and his deductions that the specific entity of cholera, anthrax, malaria, &c., can be counteracted by invaccinated poison, arbitrary and delusive. I hope you will meet with a satisfactory success, and that pretensions will be eradicated by truth." George Cotter Beale, whose activity is beyond praise, and who we had hoped would have represented Ireland at Cologne, wrote:-"I wish you all the success you could desire in connection with the approaching Conference." Mr. Henry Pitman, of Manchester, who has kept the agitation alive in a large district during some of the darkest hours in the history of our cause, and whose devotion and self-sacrifice has only been equalled by his modesty and intelligence, wrote:-"I hope our foreign friends will feel that they are working for the emancipation of the English people from the vaccine delusion quite as much as for their own medical freedom. International co-operation has been the great want of our movement." Amongst other letters, some of which are reproduced in our columns, and others reserved for publication, are those of Lord Clifton, Mrs. Hume-Rothery, Mr. P. A. Taylor, M.P., Mr. H. D. Dudgeon, Mr. George S. Gibbs, Dr. James Browne, Professor of Physiology, Oregon; Dr. J. Emery Coderre, Professor of Materia Medica, Victoria University, Montreal; Dr. Westermayer, Ecclesiastical Councillor and Member of the German Parliament; Herr Geo. F. Kolb, Mem Mr. Mr. William Tebb was then called upon, and, after a few explanatory remarks relative to the position of the cause in England and its prospects, requested that his preliminary address, as representative of the London Society, which had been translated into German, should be read in that language. This was done by Mr. Von Cöllen, of Cologne, Municipal Councillor Law, and Co-Secretary elect of the International A.-V. League for the year 1881-2. PRELIMINARY ADDRESS BY WILLIAM TEBB. at To my colleagues the delegates representing the opposition to Compulsory Vaccination Legislation in all nations, Oct. 10, 1881. Speaking at this early stage of the proceedings, I venture to address a few words to you to express the satisfaction felt by my colleague and myself at meeting the delegates to the Second International Congress of opponents to Compulsory Vaccination. Last December, as you are aware, eighteen delegates assembled at Paris, representing eight different nationalities, and it is not too much to say that the result of that gathering was to give a fresh impulse to the swelling opposition to State medicine in England, and in many of the leading continental States. An interchange of ideas and a comparison of results must tend to strengthen our cause, and to stimulate with fresh ardour all who are engaged in this important movement. Errors in medicine in one country cannot be scientific truths in another. Mischievous practices may and have existed for generations in all countries; but their overthrow will come all the sooner when attacked from many sides. In England, the initiation of these international gatherings has been regarded with great satisfaction, and their continuance is looked upon as one of the necessities of our position. On Aug. 3, thanks to the active cooperation of my friends and colleagues, Dr. Hubert Boëns and Dr. H. Oidtmann, I was able to announce to the London Society, that the Congress had been definitely fixed for the second week in October, whereupon the following resolution was passed unanimously by the Executive Committee:-"The members of Committee, having heard from its chairman, Mr. Tebb, that arrangements had been made for holding the second International · Anti-Vaccination Congress at Cologne, in October, record their cordial satisfaction, and will do their utmost to further a project of so much importance." Letters from England, Ireland, and Scotland, from all parts of Europe, from Canada, the United States (both east and west), and from the West Indies have been received expressive of the pleasure this confederated opposition has afforded to those who are struggling in larger or smaller groups to arrest the mischievous official tendency towards despotic legislation, and a tyrannous system of centralisation. Medical men have got themselves attached to the State, with a powerful interest in her Majesty's Privy Council, with salaries, subsidies, and awards, and we all know that privilege never voluntarily surrenders. Some of the people suffer and submit in silence, hoping for coming relief, and their submission is quoted as a proof of their acquiescence. Others offer a persistent and irrepressible opposition at all costs and risks, and it is no exaggeration to say that they are the true successors of a noble lineage, of which no nation has a monopoly, whose fidelity to truth and suffering for right have kept liberty from being entirely strangled. They are now praying that the vaccine blot may be washed out from the soiled flag of European freedom, and are looking to our International Congress for deliverance from this enslavement with resolute hope. May I venture to say that it is not sufficient to bring together the overwhelming evidence against vaccination which we have before us, or to record our protest against its enforcement by Governments, but we must see that these facts are scattered broadcast by means of the Press; we must see that members of the various legislatures are instructed; that petitions are everywhere and at all times presented, demanding the repeal of these usurping laws, and that audiences are granted by those public officials who are misled by the spurious statistics of an interested profession. Schiller says: Only a great object stirs the profound depths of humanity," and Matthew Arnold echoing the same sentiment, says, "Men are all Tories by nature when tolerably well off; only monstrous injustice and atrocious cruelty can arouse them." Our object is great, for it is as wide as civilised humanity, and the cruelty and injustice which we are trying to overturn are undisputed by everyone who will look into the facts; and if we perform our duty individually and collectively, a public opinion against compulsion will soon be created, stronger than any law, and before which 66 the law and its despotic upholders must speedily succumb. In England, despite almost overwhelming difficulties arising out of professional prestige, and the enormous pecuniary interests at stake, the movement against compulsory vaccination is making rapid strides. Led by Mr. P. A. Taylor, M.P., the President of the London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, it is supported by Mr. Herbert Spencer, one of the greatest philosophers of our time; by Professor F. W. Newman, one of our ablest publicists; by Mr. C. H. Hopwood, Q.C., Member of Parliament for Stockport; Mr. Thomas Burt, Member . for Morpeth; Lord Clifton, the Countess de Noailles, Sir Jervoise Clarke Jervoise, the Drs. Collins, father and son; Dr. Mackenzie, Mr. Geo. S. Gibbs, Mr. Alexander Wheeler, Mr. HumeRothery, the indefatigable President of the National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League; and Mrs. Hume-Rothery, the able Editor of the Reporter; Mr. H. D. Dudgeon, Dr. Garth Wilkinson, Dr. Haughton, Mr. Gibson Ward, Dr. C. F. Pearce, Dr. Enoch Robinson, Mr. Henry Pitman, Mr. G. Cotter Beale, Mr. Charles Gillett, Mr. Young, Mr. Thos. Baker, and many others; nearly all of whom have personally expressed their wish for the success of this international appeal, and send with greeting expressions of sympathy with the objects of this Congress. The delegates here assembled may rely that the efforts of these co-workers, with thousands of others, will not be relaxed, and that through evil and good report, they may be counted on to stand with an unbroken front, until this obnoxious legislation, the offspring of folly, ignorance, and intemperate intolerance, shall be finally and definitely repealed. Mr. Von Cöllen then addressed the meeting tion Law," and was followed by Dr. Oidtmann, on the "Unconstitutional Nature of the Vaccinawho spoke on the present position of the Vaccination question in Germany, referring in feeling terms to the noble work of the late Dr. Germann, of Leipsic; and, in conclusion, suggested a working scheme for the anti-vaccinators of Germany. The next sitting (at which many other newly arrived delegates were present, the entire number registered being upwards of forty) was opened by the Vice-President of the International League, Dr. Vogt, who read a paper on the History of Vaccination, the wit and irony of which were thoroughly enjoyed. He proved from the statistical records of nearly all civilised countries that the protection against variolous outbreaks claimed for vaccination was utterly opposed to evidence. The figures also showed a constantly-increasing susceptibility to small-pox as the vaccinated advanced in years, notwithstanding the prevalence of re-vaccination; whereas, prior to vaccination, nearly all smallpox mortality was confined to children, or to adults who had been inoculated. Dr. Vogt mentioned a significant fact, that previous to the year 1827, in France, when one-fourth of all the girls were vaccinated, and only one-tenth of the boys, the mortality of the girls was greatly in excess of the boys. Dr. Vogt was followed by Dr. Pigeon, of Fourchambault, who established the following propositions, which have been sub |