nymic van dropped. The pronunciation existed here, it is beyond the memory of the most frequently heard is Rosevelt," but elderly." This coin is not at all imaginary, the editor of one of the principal papers here though it is no longer in circulation and was informs me that in higher circles it is better not of United States coinage. When it is. rendered as a word of three syllables, recalled that, practically, national coinage Roos-eh-velt," which approximates closely did not begin till 1795, and that the amount to its sound in present-day Dutch, i.e. of its issue met the people's needs very Roosafelt. Other eminent men of the clan inadequately for a long time, it will be underare Nicholas J. Roosevelt, the engineer who stood why, during the first half of the last invented the steamboat paddle-wheel, and century, the Spanish-American coins that partner of the celebrated Robert Fulton; had been in use during colonial days were and Robert Burnwell Roosevelt, author of quite as abundant as the national coins, 'The Game Birds of America,' &c., an uncle and were considered legal tender. of the President. N. W. HILL. were the dollar (once the " piece of eight ") and four smaller coins, representing its aliquot parts from one-half to one-sixteenth. Philadelphia. THE AINSTY OF YORK (10 S. vi. 462, 511). -The explanation of ainsty given by PROF. SKEAT at the latter reference is identical with that given by me in N. & Q.' on 11 July, 1904, when I said (10 S. ii. 97):— "The word with which we have to do is A.-S. ānstig, O. N. einstigi, Norwegian einstig, a single or one-by-one path, like the Northern dialectal bridle sty, a road wide enough for one horse or carriage." The reference to this note is given by MR. MACMICHAEL, but PROF. SKEAT Overlooks it, and says: "The sense of Anstey, in Herts, is perfectly well known, and was explained two years ago in my PlaceNames of Herts." " The meaning of "The Ainsty of York was, at any rate, explained by me at an earlier time. My explanation was founded on a passage which I quoted from the Hundred Rolls,' where the Aynesty of York is mentioned as having anciently been via regia. S. O. ADDY. CALIFORNIAN ENGLISH AMERICAN COINNAMES (10 S. vi. 381).—I have no personal knowledge of San Franciscan speech, and am not concerned to apologize for it; but I may correct or supplement MR. DOUGLAS OWEN's remarks on one or two matters of fact. No doubt the colloquial application to a person of the adjective husky came about, as suggested, by transference from the name of the lusty sledge-dogs of the North, but the dog-name husky does not pertain merely to the leader of the team, as MR. OWEN supposes, though naturally the strongest and most capable dog is selected for this office; it describes the breed. They are Eskimo dogs, Eskimos, shortened to Eskies, and corrupted to Huskies-and they were so called in the early days of Hudson Bay Company travel. These The one representing one-eighth of a dollar, or 12 cents-the real or so-called "Mexican shilling -was fully as familiar to my childhood as was the dime, and so, too, was the half-real, as a sixpence," Some years ago, in examining letters left by a relative, I noticed that there were many, dated in the early forties, the postage of which was marked at 183 cents, an amount impossible to pay in national coins. 66 This Mexican real was current everywhere at the value of 12 cents, but it had different names in different States, the name usually marking its proportion of the value of the shilling of such State-the money of account by which people continued to reckon long after the adoption of the decimal system. In New York, e.g., where eight shillings shilling,' were counted to a dollar, it was a but in Connecticut, whose shilling of account was 16 cents, it was "ninepence"; while in Pennsylvania, with a shilling worth 13 cents, it was an elevenpenny bit," shortened to levy; and in Georgia, a sevenpenny bit," shortened to bit. The name bit was taken up by most of the Western and Southern States beyond the Mississippi as they were settled. In California, from special circumstances, the coin must have continued in circulation for some years after ! the San Francisco mint was opened in 1854, and, doubtless because it gives an easy way of reckoning, people still count by it. My reply is so long that I will defer till some possible future time comment upon part of the colloquialisms noted by MR. OWEN. M. C. L. New York City. MR. DOUGLAS OWEN is to be praised as a zealous collector of phrases curiously distressing to the ordinary English native of these days, for in this mustering we catch the index-finger of Time. Yet when one recalls the Hon. J. R. Lowell's charming chapter on pure Americanisms inserted by way of introducing the subtilities of his immortal' Biglow Papers '-these introductory words a glittering array of examples, each example traced, with the complete searching patience of the real scholar of real genius, right to the mouths, so to speak, and to the printed writings in poetry and prose, of the Englishmen actually breathing English air in Queen Elizabeth's time or earlier-truly a mortal cannot help tiring at moments of the ever-bewailing spirit in the matter of American expressions on the part of the latter-day Englishman. Surely the English-speaking Anglo-Saxon Yankee who first came to the eastern shores of America, wending his way by cart and stream to the Pacific, sprang direct from the loins of a sturdy gang of Englishers of that period, and surely the latter were unadulterated Englishers, their English pure English. But may be, to guess from his two names, personal and patronymic, MR. OWEN here is a combination of Welsh and Scot, and consequently, by reason of racial instinct, somewhat blind to inherited early Anglo-Saxonisms that take their root in ancient England. J. G. CUPPLES. Brookline, Massachusetts. CLIPPINGDALE (10 S. vi. 151, 237, 472).Samuel Dodd Clippingdale, M.R.C.S. in 1834 (who I believe is still living), was the father of the original querist. DR. S. D. CLIPPINGDALE THE YOUNGER has privately printed a very concise and well-certified family history of his people, who are remarkable as having been Middlesex folks continuously for three centuries, and for their long association with the Thames. Many of the family are buried in a vault at St. Matthias's, Poplar. FRED. HITCHIN-KEMP. 6 which was, at that time, an important art centre, and close to the newly founded Royal Academy." Chippendale published The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director,' the same authority adds, "not, as stated in the introduction to the Catalogue to the South Kensington Museum, in 1769, but some years previously, as is testified by a copy of the possession, and bears date 1762, the first edition third edition' of the work, which is in the writer's having appeared in 1754 and the second in 1759." Part of the title-page of the third edition runs as follows:: holster, in St. Martin's Lane, London. Printed "Thomas Chippendale, Cabinet-Maker and Upfor the Author, and sold at his House in St. Martin's Lane; also by T. Becket and P. A. de Hondt in the Strand. M.D.C.C.LXII. A cutting I possess from a recent issue of The Cabinet-Maker records : "Chippendale-whose furniture now commands such extraordinary prices-was originally an estate carpenter at Nostell Priory, near Wakefield, the residence of Lord and Lady St. Oswald. Noswell Priory is a comparatively modern mansion, so named as it stands upon the site of an ancient priory of Augustine canons. It contains some of Chippendale's best work." Mr. K. Warren Clouston in his 'Chippendale Period in English Furniture' (1897) remarks: "The Thomas Chippendale who is famous all the world over was born in Worcestershire, but beyond that nothing is known of his personal history.' As MR. JOHN HеBB correctly writes, the dates of his birth and death have not been ascertained, but George Smith, Upholsterer to his Majesty," in 1826, alludes to him as the "elder Mr. Chippendale," and fixes the approximate date of his son and namesake's death by stating that 66 Lane," his colleague at that time being J. Rannie. These extensive premises were, when J. T. Smith wrote Nollekens and his Times' (in 1828), occupied by a Mr. Stutely, builder. Smith prophesied the return of the public taste to Chippendale. (See The Story of Charing Cross,' 1906, pp. 178–9.) J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. The following excerpta confirm and supplement MR. HEBB's interesting note:From The New Complete Guide,' 1783, p. 213: "Chippindale and Hage, Cabinetmakers, 60, St. Martin's Lane, near Long Acre." 66 From The Universal British Directory,' 1790, vol. i. p. 103: Chippendall [sic] and Co., Upholders, 60, St. Martin's Lane." To this date the name does not occur in Great Queen Street. From Johnstone's 'London Commercial Guide and Street Directory,' 1817: "Thos. Chippendale, Upholder and Undertaker, 57, Haymarket.' "William Chippendale and Robert Chippendale, Jun., Solicitors, 56, Great Queen Street." I cannot trace William Chippendale's connexion with the Royal Circus in either 'Memoirs of J. Decastro,' 1824, or Circusiana,' by J. C. Cross, 1809. 39, Hillmarton Road, N. ALECK ABRAHAMS. "SEARCHERS " (10 S. vi. 150, 213).— The modern designation would be " a jury of matrons"; but the penultimate sentence of the following interesting old case, temp. Elizabeth, contains the word "search in the sense of the query : "La Dame Willoughbies Case.-En October anno 38 Reginæ nunc Sir Francis Willoughby Chivaler morust sa feme enseint, sur que Percival Willoughby que avoit espouse l'eigne file Sir Francis, et avoit convey a luy sur son marriage le greinder part des possessions del dit Sir Francis en default de issue male, attempt de suffer common recovery, sur que il entend que le remainder en use limit al primer fits del Sir Francis seroit barre, et issint l'issue en ventre sa mere disherit. La feme Sir Francis sua as Justices et as Seignors del Counsel d'estopper le proceeding del recovery, sur surmise que el fuit enseint, quel fuit grant; sur que Percival fait suggestion en Chancery, que la dame affirm luy d'estre enseint, lou el ne fuit, et per ceo el detain les evidences del terre, et auxi luy estop del re hors del Chamber, et les femes search la dame, et retorne lour verdict que el fuit enseint: per que les Vicounts font retorn del breve accordant. I have thought it well to extend the abbreviated words, and I may say that a “recovery" was an old mode of barring entails which was abolished by an Act of 1833. The writ for this inquest, it will be observed, is directed to the sheriffs. MISTLETOE. ADMIRAL CHRIST EPITAPH (10 S. vi. 425, 517).—I am much obliged to W. C. B. for his reply to my query. I am also grateful for DR. FORSHAW's notes respecting the Briscoe's epitaph. The reference from Mr. J. Potter 'Gleanings from God's Acre' had, however, already appeared at 8 S. i. exhaustive search in Stepney Churchyard 279. I may add that I made a pretty for the grave of Capt. John Dunch (ob. 1696) failed to find it, so I presume it is not now some twelve or fourteen years ago, but in evidence. JOHN T. PAGE. Long Itchington, Warwickshire. In the churchyard of Malborough, near Kingsbridge, Devon, is a slight variant of the Selby epitaph, on a man, aged fortyseven, who died in 1803, as follows: Though boisterous winds and Neptune's waves Am Anchored here below In hopes once more for to set sail With trumpets sounding in the air, My General Christ to meet. In the churchyard of East Portlemouth, also near Kingsbridge, is an epitaph of a similar character, on a man, aged eighty-one, who died in 1819: Tho' Boreas' blasts and Neptune's waves Do harbour here below, Both places are very near the sea. Torquay. LADY ARBELLA JOHNSON (10 S. vi. 508). under Isaac Johnson, her husband, one of the founders of the State of Massachusetts. She was a descendant of George, Duke of Clarence; and if MR. HUISH has any information about her descendants, I should be grateful for a note of it. covery, et per ceo il praya brere de rentre inspi.See 10 S. iv. 227, also the Dict. Nat. Biog." ciendo, quel Termino Pasch, anno 39 Reginæ fuit grant Vicounts London, sur que les Vicounts de London repair en person del suddain al meason la dame en Pauls Church-yard vers le Thames, et la ils amesne ove eux un inquest de femes, dont deux fuerunt midwives, et ils veignont en le Chamber la dame, et mistont a luy les femes jurus per eux devant pur searcher, trier, et vray dire s'el fuit enseint; et les Viscounts et touts homes depart Chertsey. (Marquis de) RUVIGNY. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Homer and his Age. By Andrew Lang. (Longmans & Co.) pictures of Algonquins under Shield,' an Algon-quin corslet and evidence of warlike accoutrements derived from early Greek vases. In the matter of dress we think date is very difficult to determine. Nothing shows survivals in culture more, apparently meaningless survivals of arrangements and words. The retention of such terms concerning obsolete THERE is no more polished and skilful fighter in the things Mr. Lang admits on p. 204. The alternative literary lists than Mr. Lang, and he easily makes is to omit another unfortunate line in the 'Odyssey,' fun of the extraordinary conclusions and assertions which "does not apply to the state of things in the of the learned Teuton. But he lacks that thorough-Iliad,' while it contradicts the whole Odyssey,' ness which distinguishes the best German scholarship, and in this volume, as in some others he has written, he makes us regret that he has not gone deeper, and written all round the subject with the acuteness which he shows in his partial treatment. In 1893 his 'Homer and the Epic' argued for the unity of Homer, and now he has returned to the charge in a shorter book. When we say that it contains but 326 pages of leisurely print, the expert will easily imagine that the treatment is far from exhaustive. Mr. Lang's thesis is that Homer, both in the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey,' depicts the life of a single brief age of culture-an age which "is sundered from the Mycenæan prime by the century or two in which changing ideas led to the superseding of burial by burning." Roughly, this date seems to the present reviewer correct for at any rate the core of the poem; but that the whole of the Iliad' and the 'Odyssey' as we now know them is the work of that one age Mr. Lang has not persuaded us. He demolishes easily special points in theories which suppose different dates of composition for various parts of the poem, but he has, on his own view, to make admissions of later insertions. Thus we read on p. 124 that "it is a critical error to insist on taking Homer absolutely and always au pied de la lettre ; but with due deference to Mr. Lang, it seems to us that this is the very method by which he often confutes his adversaries. Of a line twice appearing in the 'Odyssey' (xvi. 294 and xix. 13) he says (p. 193) that, because it disregards the distinction iron for implements, bronze for weapons, "it must therefore be a very late addition; it may be removed without injuring the sense of the passage in which it occurs.' This seems to us a significant Argal for the other side, and the easy condition that the sense of the passage is not injured would allow of excisions of a wholesale character-such excisions, indeed, as are made by those who suppose a core of narrative and a gradual addition to it, not necessarily contemporaneous. Here, in fact, we come upon a criterion of literary judgment in which technical scholars and men of letters may differ. It is all very well to say that Homer, a writer of one age, shows unus color." That quality has been ascribed to our Authorized Bible, with some justification, we think, yet the version of James was a polishing by many hands of previous renderings which have very various sources. Would not many critics select the stories of Ali Baba and Aladdin as the most characteristic of the Arabian Nights'? Yet Mr. Lane-Poole has recently told us that these two tales "occur in no manuscript or printed text of the collected tales." The professional Orientalist might discover this, but would the literary critic? The most valuable part of the volume is that concerning the question of Homeric dress and armour, which Mr. Lang treats in detail and with great acuteness. He gives us, with that zeal for comparative anthropology which distinguishes him, in which swords and spears are always of bronze when their metal is mentioned." It will be seen that the best of theories have their drawbacks. On the human side of Agamemnon and Nestor, as characters drawn with skill (and possibly derived from real prototypes), Mr. Lang is admirable. He analyzes with gusto the boasts of Nestor and the frailties of Agamemnon. This is a point of view generally neglected by lovers of Greek grammar, who dote on the digamma and cannot see a jest. It has always struck us as a veracious touch that Achilles, in a rage with Agamemnon, should say that the monarch was the worse for drink. There is no reason to suppose that it was so, but the taunt is common now. On the linguistic side Mr. Lang has given us very little. He says, following Helbig, that Homer never mentions seals or signet rings, and he follows this up by asking: "How often are finger rings mentioned in the whole mass of Attic tragic poetry? We remember no example, and instances are certainly rare. Liddell and Scott give none. Yet the tragedians were, of course, familiar with rings and seals." We must protest that we expect a little more research than is implied in the mere consulting of Liddell and Scott! Those venerable authorities are not aware that Agamemnon himself seals an inscribed tablet in the Iphigeneia in Aulis,' 38; in the same play Agamemnon instructs the old man to "keep the seal (impression in wax) on the tablet," 155. In the Hippolytus' (864) Theseus breaks the seal, his own wife's gold signet (862), before reading Phædra's indictment of Hippolytus. Deianeira sends Lichas with a token which her lord will "quickly recognize within the circle of this seal" (Trachiniæ,' 615). We need hardly add that the book shows abundant humour and an exceptionally wide range of comparison between ancient and modern times. It does not excel in arrangement or compression, but it will stimulate thoughtful students of the subject. Popular Ballads of the Olden Time. Selected and arranged by Frank Sidgwick. Third Series. (A. H. Bullen.) "I WADNA gi'e ae wheeple of a whaup (cry of a curlew) for a' the nichtingales in England" is the patriotic, but anonymous motto for the third volume of Mr. Sidgwick's 'Popular Ballads,' which deals with 'Ballads of Scottish Tradition and Romance.' As the contents of the volume include such masterpieces as 'The Hunting of the Cheviot' (better known as 'Chevy Chase'), Johnie Armstrong,' The Braes of Yarrow,' the modern ballad of 'Kinmont Willie,' 'Sir Patrick Spence,' 'Bessie Bell and Mary Gray,' "Waly, waly, gin love be bonny," The Heir of Linne,' and many more of equal merit and celebrity, this outburst of Border enthusiasm may pass without protest. A noble collection of ballads is indeed given, and is said to comprise in an appendix a ballad, The Jolly is by Prof. H. H. Turner on Greenwich Time,' Juggler,' from a manuscript at Balliol College, and an erudite one is that of Dr. Andrew Wilson which does not appear in the monumental collection About Opsonins.' An archæological flavour of Prof. Child. In the latter are, however, The attaches to Mr. Arthur C. Benson's 'An Old Jolly Beggar' and 'The Gaberlunzie Man,' at- Parson's Day-book.' tributed to James V., which have points of resemblance. A map to illustrate the Border ballads extends from Edinburgh in the North to Durham and Brancepeth in the South. A proximate volume will consist of ballads dealing with Robin Hood. A POEM by Mr. Thomas Hardy, entitled 'New Year's Eve, opens out The Fortnightly for 1907. Not very satisfactory is it as an explanation of Divine purpose in shaping the years. The second part of Leo Tolstoy's On Shakespeare and the Drama' is as narrow and illogical as the first. We recognize in the later instalment, however, the note of personal vanity always to be expected in such utterances. The whole constitutes a painful lesson on human littleness. In 'The Tyranny of Clothes' Mrs. John Lane is very humorous, but conveys in laughing some home truths. Mr. Francis Gribble gives a thoughtful paper upon Benjamin Constant and his relations with Madame de Staël. A Celtic Renaissance of the Past' deals with Auguste Brizeux, the national poet of Brittany. Mr. F. G. Aflalo rhapsodizes about The Sportsman.' Mr. John F. Macdonald's article on French Life and the French Stage' forms a further dissertation upon M. Alfred Capus. IN The Nineteenth Century M. Alfred Naquet, an Ancien Sénateur and Ancien Député, writes thoughtfully and well on Entente, English or German.' The Curse of Machinery,' by Mr. Reginald Newton Weekes, is a jeremiad something in the style of Ruskin. M. Basil de Sélincourt writes onGiotto in Modern Life.' 'A Temperance Town' deals with the absolutely unreal character of prohibition in an American town wherein the sale of liquor is prohibited by the State law. The whole atmosphere of public feeling is, we are told, harged with intense irritation, and an overwhelmng majority of the citizens are utterly opposed to the severity of the existing liquor laws. In Bees nd Blue Flowers' the idea is confuted that flowers have become blue because blue is the favourite colour of bees. An important article is on 'Divorce in the United States. An admirably scholarly paper is that by Mr. Herbert Paul on 'The Influence of Catullus." IN a very earnest number of The National Review appear a few articles of a non-political character. Prominent among these is Missing Chapters from The Garden that I Love." by the author of the work so named. This gives some consoling observations upon the fact that there are few periods of the year in which the garden is totally denuded of flowers. In Miss K. Bathurst's 'Some More Children's Essays' we find a maiden of nine pardonably misquoting Burns. We fancy there has been in this a little assistance. The article is, however, edifying. Notes on Hare-Hunting,' by Lady Gifford, shows little aversion from that species of so-called sport. Sir Rowland Blennerhassett has a valuable article on The Hohenlohe Memoirs.' THE LANDSCAPE OF HARPIGNIES,' by Mr. C. J. Holmes, is a sound and thoughtful piece of criticism in The Burlington, and is accompanied by many illustrations, one of which, The Storm,' forms a striking frontispiece. Three other plates are given, and have points of resemblance to the English School. Notes on Palma Vecchio,' by Mr. Claude Phillips, are brilliantly illustrated. A remarkable landscape by Hokusai, one of Thir y-Six Views of Fuji,' affords a fine instance of printing in colour. An editorial article on The Architecture of our Public Buildings' has also some capable illustrations. MESSRS. BELL announce an abridgment of Webster's International Dictionary,' to be issued under the title of Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.' This book is the largest and latest abridgment of the International,' and contains, in addition to a full vocabulory, several literary appendixes, including a 'Glossary of Scottish Words and Phrases'; a Dictionary of Classical Mythology'; vocabularies of rimes, proper names, &c., and quotations from foreign languages; and Tables of Abbreviations and Arbitrary Signs used in Writing and Printing.' Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. WE cannot undertake to advise correspondents as to the value of old books and other objects or as to the means of disposing of them. Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publishers" at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. IN The Cornhill appears 'Lord Beaconsfield's |