I have said that the presbytery at Bangor could not pretend such provocation for this outrage on the royal authority, as the congregation at James-town really had; for, by the king's having taken the covenant, the latter were threatened openly with the utter extirpation of their religion; but the presbytery were promised, and assured of the preservation, and extension of theirs. Lord Montgomery,* who was himself a zealous presbyterian, solemnly engaged in his declaration," in the presence of God, that he would use his uttermost endeavors, while he was entrusted with power, to countenance and assist the exercise of their religion, as it was then practised; and likewise; that he would solicit his majesty, and, (as he had good grounds to hope) with success, for the confirmation under his hand." And, two days before that declaration was issued,3 lord Inchiquint wrote to the same presbytery, "that he being a well-wisher to the presbyterian government, and honored with a public trust by his majesty, knew that his majesty was resolved, for their satisfaction, to establish the presbyterian government in them parts; and, he believed, in other parts also of the kingdom. And no man knows,” adds his lordship, "whether the whole number of protestants may not agree to embrace it."

2 Ib. p. 409.

3 Presbyterian Loyalty, p. 409

had set them an example, by publishing a remonstrance wherein," they declared, and solemnly protested, among other things, against the lord of Ards and others having entered into a peace and association with the marquis of Ormond, that they might the more easily carry on the old designs of the popish, prelatical and malignant party.”—See Borl. Hist. of the Rebel. fol. 289.

"In April following, 1650, this same lord of Ards, ford Mcor, and colonel Trevor, came from the Irish quarters to Oliver Cromwell at Clonmell, soon after he had taken that town, to render themselves to him, being persons of great note and eminence in the kingdom, and the first of quality of the protestant party, that came from the Irish army unto them." -Borl. Hist. of the Irish Rebel. Append. fol. 22.

+ Borlase says, "that amongst the presbyterians he went for a patron." Irish Rebel. fol. 243.-He says also, " that the lord of Ards (a little before this) had been chosen by the presbyterian ministers, their commander in chief, thereby possessing himself of Carrickfergus and Belfast.”—Ib. f. 273.

CHAP. XXXV.

The total defection of the protestant forces.

SHORTLY after the presbytery's declaration was publish ed, there was such a general defection in the northern army, that the marquis of Ormond told the king, in Dec. 1649,' "that his majesty might account that province, if not wholly lost, yet in a low and desperate condition; and that he expected to be strongly invaded from thence next summer." In that letter it was, that he desired his majesty's permission to withdraw himself out of the kingdom, "because it was unable of itself, and without powerful aids from abroad, to resist the growing power of the rebels." Yet, when his lordship did withdraw himself, some months after, he greatly encreased these rebels' power, by permitting, or rather transmitting, the forces then under his immediate command to join and assist them. For, when he was preparing to leave the kingdom, and had designed lord Clanrickard for his deputy, "he permitted," says the earl of Orrery,3" all those worthy protestants, who, till then, had served under him, to come off to the rest of the protestants, though then headed by Ireton himself, esteeming them safer with that real regicide, so accompanied, than with those pretended anti-regicides, so principled." How these (as he is pleased to call the confederates) pretended antiregicides were principled, with respect to his majesty's service, suffi ciently appears from what has been already related.* Nor, indeed, was Ormond himself unconscious, that both their attachment to his majesty, and opposition to these rebels, were real and permanent. For when upon a former occasion, he solicited leave from the English parliament, to transport five thou sand foot and five hundred horsemen, together with himself, out of the kingdom into France, in order to obtain their con sent, he observed, "that it would be a sure means of ridding

"It may be (says P. Walsh) that the earl of Orrery himself is a witness beyond all exception, that the Irish catholics were the last in the three kingdoms that laid down their arms, and gave over fighting for the royal cause."-Reply to a Person of Quality, p. 50.

their partizans in Ireland of many unsure friends among the Irish ;" and thereby facilitate the reduction of the kingdom to their obedience. Thus were many of those protestant forces, under his excellency, whom he calls the king's party, acknowledged by himself to be friends to the English rebels, though unsure, and the confederate Irish catholics to be their certain enemies.

By this great accession of forces, permitted to these real regicides, the ruin of Ireland was quickly completed. Such permission, however, was perfectly consonant to his excellency's former agreement in 1647, when he delivered up all his power and authority to the same party. And in fact, had any comment been wanting to explain the motives of that agreement, this permission would be a very full and clear one; for, as the same lord Orrery observes, and seems to appeal to Ormond himself, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, for the truth of the passage," certainly, he esteemed those less ill, to whom he sent his friends, than those from whom he sent them;" and consequently, was more solicitous for the interests and success of the former, than for those of the latter; which, surely, was besides, an unpardonable imposition on his truly noble friend, the marquis of Clanrickard; with whom in appearance, he left the government of the kingdom, but in reality, by that permission, deprived him of the means of defending and presery. ing it.

CHAP. XXXVI.

Treaty with the duke of Lorrain.

DISTRESSED as the confederate catholics now were, and, deserted by all the protestant forces in the kingdom, their fidelity and zeal for his majesty's service remained unaltered. While the general assembly was still sitting at Loughrea, very favorable offers of accommodation were sent them by the regicides, which they not only rejected, but they also prevailed on the deputy' to issue a proclamation, declaring all those of • Ortery, ubi supra. 1 Cart. Orm. vol. ii. fol. 144. Borl. Irish Reb. f. 340.

their communion, guilty of high treason, and punishable with death, who should aid or assist them; and such as was already with them, and did not quit their service in fourteen days, were, by the same proclamation, made liable to the same punishment. The bishops likewise, present in that assembly, denounced excommunication against all catholics, who either served under the regicides, or entered into any treaty of pacifi Ication with them.

Yet loyal as this perseverance of the Irish clergy was, (not lessoned by the daily desertions of the protestant royalists, or by the increasing power and success of the regicides,) it has not hindered party-malice to suggest, that they were, even at this juncture, instilling such sentiments into the minds of their people, as were utterly incompatible with their allegiance to the king, or due submission to his lieutenant. "The Irish,” we are told, "had still as much of Ireland in their power, as could maintain a war against all the English rebels there; that his excellency the marquis of Clanrickard, had argument enough to hope, if he could be confident of the union of the nation; that he might have reasonably promised himself an union of the nation, if he could have been confident of the affection and integrity of the clergy; but that the greatest part of the Irish ecclesiastics had no mind to have any relation to the English nation, and as little to return to their obedience to the crown; that it was by the advice and influence of these ecclesiastics, that the confederate catholics were first inclined to treat with the English rebels for conditions; and that after. wards, such offers were made to the duke of Lorrain by com. missioners of their chusing, as in effect transferred the whole right and sovereignty of that kingdom to his highness."

But, besides what has been already related of the temper, and disposition of these ecclesiastics, and of the state of the nation at that dismal juncture, the whole of this charge is in contestably proved to be false, from that "state of his majes ty's affairs, and the condition of his faithful subjects in Ireland, which the marquis of Clanrickard himself transmitted to the

2 Carle, ib.

3 Clarend. Borl. Irish Rebel. fol. 839.

marquis of Ormond, on occasion of the above-mentioned treaty with the duke of Lorrain."

4

For therein his lordship sets forth, "that the power and success of the rebels were such, as that the whole nation was in their possession, or subject to their contribution, except the province of Connaught, and county of Clare, his majesty's city of Limerick, and town of Galway; and that the said province of Connaught, and county of Clare were, for the most part, waste; and that the inhabitants thereof were utterly impoverished; that no considerable forces could be brought together to maintain a defensive war against the rebels, much less an offensive; that the city of Limerick, and town of Galway had of a long time, out of a feeling sense they had of their own destruction, been inclined to treat for conditions with the rebels; that the same was the resolution of most of the other people of Ireland, who could not humanely see how they could be otherwise preserved; and that many of the officers of his majesty's army did, from several parts of the kingdom, represent their sense that it was absolutely necessary for the people's preservation to treat with the rebels for conditions, seeing there was no power to resist them."

From hence it is manifest, that whatever inclination these deserted Irish had to treat with the rebels, was not at all owing to the advice, or influence of their clergy; but naturally arose from that irremediable distress, to which they then found themselves reduced, and from the dismal prospect of its daily increase, until it should end in their total destruction.

"But no sooner," proceeds lord Clanrickard, "had these Irish understood, that the duke of Lorrain's ambassador had arrived in Ireland, with offers of powerful assistance for the

* Yet Clarendon himself, in the account of his own life, contradicts all this. For he there says, "that when the success of the parliament had totally subdued the king's arms, and himself was so inhumanly murdered, neither the forces in Ireland under the king's authority, nor the Irish, who had too late submitted to it, could make any long resistance; so that Cromwell quickly dispersed them by his own expedition thither."—Vol. ii. p. 14.

Cromwell invaded Ireland in August 1649, and remained there but about eight months.