general gratitude. He died in Baltimore, December 24, 1873, at the age of 79 years. He had never married. At the request of Mr. Hopkins, an incorporation was formed, August 24, 1867, under a general statute, "for the promotion of education in the State of Maryland." Nearly three years later, June 13, 1870, the trustees met and elected Galloway Cheston president of the board, and William Hopkins secretary. On the death of the founder, it appeared that after providing for his near of kin he had bequeathed the principal part of his estate to the two institutions that bear his name, the Johns Hopkins University and the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Each of them received an endowment estimated in round numbers at $3,500,000. The gift to the university included his estate of Clifton (330 acres of land), 15,000 shares of the common stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, of which the par value was $1,500,000, and other securities which were valued at $750,000. The trustees met again February 6, 1874, and proceeded to the organization of the work intrusted to them. They collected a small but excellent library illustrating the history of the universities of this and of other lands; they visited in a body Cambridge, New Haven, Ithaca, Ann Arbor, Philadelphia, Charlottesville, and other seats of learning; they were favored with innumerable suggestions and recommendations from those who knew much about education and from those who knew little. They invited several scholars of distinction to give them their counsel, among them three presidents of universities: Eliot, of Harvard; White, of Cornell, and Angell, of Michigan, who answered in the frankest manner the searching questions which were put to them by a sagacious committee. The original incorporators were these: George W. Dobbin, George M. Gill, Andrew Sterrett Ridgely, Thomas Donaldson, James A. L. McClure, Charles J. M. Gwinn, Thomas M. Smith, William Hopkins, Lewis N. Hopkins, John W. Garrett, Alan P. Smith, John Fonerden. They elected the following board of trustees, who had been selected by the founder: As vacancies have arisen the following persons have become trustees by cooptation: James Carey Thomas, elected 1870; C. Morton Stewart, 1878; Joseph P. Elliott, 1881; J. Hall Pleasants, 1881; Alan P. Smith, 1881; Robert Garrett, 1886; James L. McLane, 1891; W. Graham Bowdoin, 1892; William T. Dixon, 1892; Benjamin F. New On the 24th of December, 1874, the trustees elected Daniel C. Gilman, at that time president of the University of California, and formerly a professor in Yale College, to be president of the Johns Hopkins University, and he entered upon the duties of this office in the following May. In the summer of 1875, at the request of the trustees, he went to Europe and conferred with many leaders of university education in Great Britain and on the continent. At the same time he visited many of the most important seats of learning. During the following winter the plans of the university were formulated and made public in an inaugural address by the president of the university, which was delivered on the 22d of February, 1876, in the Academy of Music. In this address the aims of the university were thus defined: An enduring foundation; a slow development; first local, then regional, then national influence; the most liberal promotion of all useful knowledge; the special provision of such departments as are elsewhere neglected in the country; a generous affiliation with all other institutions, avoiding interferences, and engaging in no rivalry; the encouragement of research; the promotion of young men, and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance the sciences they pursue and the society where they dwell. The agencies to be employed were enumerated in these words: A large staff of teachers; abundance of instruments, apparatus, diagrams, books, and other means of research and instruction; good laboratories, with all the requisite facilities; accessory influences, coming both from Baltimore and Washington; funds so unrestricted, charter so free, schemes so elastic, that, as the world goes forward, our plans will be adjusted to its new requirements." These aims and these agencies suggested the following method of procedure: Liberal advanced instruction for those who want it; distinctive honors for those who win them; appointed courses for those who need them; special courses for those who can take no other; a combination of lectures, recitations, laboratory practice, field work and private instruction; the largest discretion allowed to the faculty consistent with the purposes in view; and, finally, an appeal to the community to increase our means, to strengthen our hands, to supplement our deficiencies, and especially to surround our scholars with those social, domestic, and religious influences which a corporation can at best imperfectly provide, but which may be abundantly enjoyed in the homes, the churches, and the private associations of an enlightened Christian city. In accordance with these plans, the university was opened for students in October, 1876, in buildings provided at the corner of Howard and Little Ross streets. An opening address, having special relations to the anticipated school of medicine, in which the hospital and the university were to be united, was delivered by Prof. Huxley, of London. One of the earliest duties which devolved upon the president and trustees, after deciding upon the general scope of the university, was to select a staff of teachers by whose assistance and counsel the details |