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the fee of board and tuition, which is now $180 a year, is the whole revenue of the institution, and would hardly equal the expenses if the teachers were salaried. The yearly collection of the Baltimore diocese for St. Charles's College is appropriated wholly to the diocesan students whose pecuniary resources need to be supplemented.

There is a library of over 11,000 volumes, used principally by the faculty, and another for the students of nearly 3,000 volumes.

The course of studies comprises six years of Latin, English, mathematies, history and geography, and French; five years of Greek, bookkeeping, physiology, instruction in religious doctrine, plain chant, and liturgy. The beginner need not have studied Latin, but is expected to be already prepared in the primary branches of English and arithmetic. The study of German is optional, but all the other branches are obligatory. English and Latin are principally insisted upon as spe. cially important in the student's vocation. Seven hours a week are allotted to the Latin classes, and three to those of Greek; an average of four hours to English teaching; two to French and mathematics. English grammar, with analysis and punctuation, is taught during the first three years. The following three years are taken up with the study of English literature-its history, the principles and practice of prose and of verse composition, the analysis of some of the masters, the study of rhetoric proper, and oratory. Philosophy being taught in another department of St. Mary's University, no formal degrees are conferred at the college, but certificates of distinction are awarded to successful students. For the highest honors the average of examinations in all the branches of the course during the last three years must be 90 per cent of merit notes, equivalent to nearly perfect; whereas, the fourth honors, or lowest, demand an average of 60 per cent. The result of these certificates is a wholesome love of study, tending sometimes to an ardor which has to be restrained.

The following constituted the faculty of the college in 1893: Rev. F. L. Dumont, D. D., president; Rev. P. P. Denis, A. M., president emeritus; Rev. A. J. B. Veribert, A. M., vice-president, prefect of studies; Rev. H. M. Chapuis, A. M., Rev. G. E. Viger, A. M., Rev. S. Guilbaud, A. M., Rev. A. S. Fonteneau, A. M., Rev. C. B. Schrantz, A. M., Rev. P. F. Roux, A. B., Rev. C. J. Judge, A. B., Rev. A. P. Bernard, A. B., Rev. J. M. Haug, A. B., F. X. McKenny, A. M.,C. D. Hogue, A. M., A. Peltier, A. B., D. P. Duffy, A. M., S. T. L., C. J. L., J. B. Tabb, A. M., J. D. O'Neil, S. T. B., A. M.

FREDERICK COLLEGE (1830-1894).

The school, now known as Frederick College, was incorporated on November 26, 1763, by a special act, whose preamble states that "it is reasonable that education should be extended equally to the several parts of the province, and that there should be a public school erected in Frederick County, as well as the other counties." The original

board of visitors comprised some of the most prominent men of that part of the colony. They were Col. Thomas Cresap, Mr. Thomas Beattys, Mr. Nathan Magruder, Capt. Joseph Chapline, Mr. John Darnall, Col. Samuel Beall, and the Rev. Thomas Bacon. They are empow ered to purchase an acre of land and build a school on it, and for this the county's share of the tax "for the use of the county schools" is to be given them.'

Five years later, on June 22, 1768, a new act was passed, which stated that it is apprehended," that carrying out of the first act, "will be attended with too much expense," and that the visitors "live so remote and distant from each other that it has been found inconvenient for them to attend and execute the duties of their office." To obviate these difficulties a new board of visitors was appointed, empow ered to purchase one-half acre of land, and given all the rights of the previous board. 2

The school tax did not furnish the needed amount of money, and, on December 20, 1769, the legislature, on petition of the visitors indorsed by the justices of the county, enacted "that the justices of Frederick County shall cause to be laid out, and butted and bounded with stones, or good locust posts, one-half acre of the lots laid off for public uses in Fredericktown, on the northwest corner of the courthouse." On this lot the building of the school stands to-day, at the corner of Record and Counsel streets.3

The people of the county did not rely entirely on the beneficence of the legislature, but got up a lottery to raise $900 for the school. Three thousand tickets were sold at $2 each. There were 852 prizes, and the drawing took place on November 2, 1769, under the conduct of a board of managers consisting of the most prominent residents of Frederick. Still, it is doubtful if a house was built, and certainly the school bad but a feeble life for thirty years. On December 31, 1796, the legislature passed an act reorganizing the school as the "Frederick County School." The preamble to the act stated that an acre of land had been laid off for the school and that "by the active exertions and liberal endeavors of the inhabitants of Frederick County, a commodious building for a seminary of learning has been erected and nearly completed." George Murdoch, Richard Potts, Philip Thomas, Baker Johnson, Francis Mantz, John McPherson, and George Baer, jr., are made visitors of the reorganized institution, and are placed in complete control of the school, taking the place of the old board in all its privileges. The members of the board of visitors and the teachers are required to take "the oath of fidelity and support to the State."

Laws of Maryland, acts of 1763, ch. 32.

2 Laws of Maryland, acts of 1768, ch. 6.

3 Laws of Maryland, act of 1769, ch. 17.

4 Scharf's History of Western Maryland, 1, pp. 495-498.

The ordinances of the visitors and their accounts shall be laid before the legislature if required.'

On October 2, 1797, "the academy," as it has always been called, was opened, with Samuel Knox as principal. The building then used is still occupied by the school, and is unchanged save by the addition of a third story in 1877. It is a plain, brick structure, having a central hall and two school rooms on the ground floor, a large school room and a library on the second, and a hall for exhibitions, etc., on the third. On January 20, 1799, the State legislature directed the treasurer of the Western Shore to pay annually to the school $800, provided the school report to the legislature of the use to which the sum is put, and the state of the school before November 25 of each year. This grant for the school is still received and a certain number of boys receive free tuition therefor.2

The school was a success, and by 1801, the visitors had to petition for further aid, for the building "is not sufficiently large to accommodate the number of students that apply for admission to the academy." They asked for a lottery to render the "building more commodious and to procure a library for the benefit of the students." The assembly granted a lottery to raise a sum of not more than $3,500, provided that the visitors, before the sale of tickets, give bond for $5,000 that they will use the proceeds well and pay the prizes drawn by "fortunate adventurers." The act also increased the number of trustees or visitors, and provided that the principal professor should be, ex officio, one of the trustees, and should appoint all of his subordinates. If his choice was disapproved of by the visitors they could veto it and choose another. The visitors were to choose yearly a treasurer, librarian, and secretary, the first of which was to give bond for $1,000.3

The price of tuition was $20 per annum for Latin and Greek, and $12 for English, until entering on some branch of mathematics, when it was $16. The school was the place where the youth of western Maryland were educated, and now and then we get queer glimpses of the student life. For instance, in 1803, two students fought a duel, in which neither was hurt; in 1813, a student was expelled for sending a challenge, and a rule was made forbidding students to dance. From 1813 to 1827, the Lancasterian system was used at the school, and in 1828, a ball alley was ordered to be built in the yard of the academy and trees to be planted in the yard. A short time after that order was rescinded and one adopted substituting ninepins and quoits for the pupils' recreation. There were three teachers most of the time, the principal, a teacher of elementary English, and one of French.

On February 27, 1830, the old Frederick County School was chartered as "Frederick College." The preamble of the charter states

Laws of Maryland, act of 1796, ch. 65.

Laws of Maryland, act of 1798, chap. 107.

3 Laws of Maryland, act of 1801.

4 Laws of Maryland, act of 1829, chapter 183.

that the school "is now conducted with able teachers and that its usefulness would be greatly promoted by investing them with powers to confer collegiate honors and degrees upon deserving students." The president and visitors are made a corporation to conduct the college, and choose principal and "professors of such arts, sciences, languages, or tongues, as they shall be appointed for." The teachers are to be known "as one learned body or faculty, by the name of the principal and professors of Frederick College in the State of Maryland." Power is given to hold commencements "either on stated days, or occasionally," and to "admit any of the students to any degree in any of the faculties, arts, and sciences, and liberal professions, except doctors of medicine." This last clause was probably put in on account of the desire of the University of Maryland's faculty of physic to have no rival in the State. The college is to have the benefit of any previous acts, "touching or concerning the Frederick County School," and the visitors may hold property for the college, provided it does not exceed $40,000. I can find no evidence that any attempt was ever made to take advantage of the collegiate provisions of this charter, and the visitors have wisely recognized the fact that the resources were not sufficient to make a good college possible. Still, under the charter, it is nominally a college to-day.

The Frederick Academy has been the place where the youth of the county have received secondary education for nearly a century, and it generally numbers about 100 students during the year. It has had a quiet and uneventful existence.

In 1832, there was a scheme for a lottery for the amount of $2,500, whether carried through or not is unknown, and a year later, for some reason, it was intended to sell the building. In 1845, the board of visitors established a department of agriculture and appointed an agricultural chemist, but the plan was a failure. About that time there was an attempt to secure the State Agricultural College for Frederick.

Prof. William Baer, who taught chemistry for some years from 1843, collected a fine cabinet for the college, and Governor Frank Thomas gave a valuable collection of books for the library. At present, L. S. Tilton is president, and E. C. Shepherd and W. H. Harry are the professors.

The old building has seen generation after generation of students pass from its walls to college and to life, and has made them better fitted for both than many institutions of more renown and pretension. Few are the old pupils of the academy who do not look back at the years spent within its walls as among the happiest of their life.

From Gen. Edward A. Shriver, president of the board of visitors, we learn that during the early years of the school, and during the first quarter of this century, it was coeducational, and being the only school of high grade in western Maryland at the time, it was the place of education for all the prominent men and women of that section of the State. Among its pupils at different times have been such men as the

'Laws of Maryland, act of 1829, chap. 183.

Thomases, Pottses, Rosses, Campbells, and McPhersons. John Nelson, Attorney-General of the United States and William Schley, the lawyer, are among the most distinguished of its scholars.

NEW WINDSOR COLLEGE, WINDSOR FEMALE COLLEGE, AND WINDSOR

BUSINESS COLLEGE (1843-1894).

These three closely related schools are situated in New Windsor, Carroll County. Situated 41 miles from Baltimore, this locality, which was formerly known as the "Sulphur Springs," is one of the most delightful spots in the State. It is also a very healthy and picturesque place. In 1843 the New Windsor College was established by the Presbyterian Church, with Rev. J. P. Carter as president. He was also pastor of the Presbyterian church of the place. After he left, Prof. Andrew H. Baker, a graduate of Mount St. Mary's, was put in charge. His financial management was not successful, and finally the property was purchased from the original trustees by Prof. Baker and other Roman Catholics and the institution was rechartered as Calvert College. There were probably no graduates from this old New Windsor College. In 1874 it was again purchased by Presbyterians and opened under its old name, with the Rev. L. B. W. Shryock, A. M., as principal. It was made a preparatory school for both sexes, and in 1876 Rev. Mr. Shyrock was succeeded by George H. Birnie, A. M., C. E., who was principal for one year. In 1877 the Rev. A. M. Jelly, the present president, assumed charge of the college and, under his superintendence, the school rapidly grew. He thoroughly rearranged the whole course of instruction, divided the college into two distinct departments for men and women, and arranged for the elevation of the institution from a preparatory school to a college. From the college proper a class of 1 was graduated in 1881, and 35 in all have received the bachelor's degree, the last class, that of 1894, numbering 5. From the ladies' department the first class of 3 graduated in 1879, with the degree of mistress of polite literature. Sixty-three have graduated up to date. In addition, 10 ladies have returned at different times for a post-graduate year. The catalogue for 1893-'94 shows 25 regular collegiate students, 20 in the preparatory departments, 14 in the commercial department, and 20 pursuing special studies. The colleges are conducted under Christian government and the Bible is studied throughout the course. The institution is Presbyterian in its influence, but is not under the control of any church, and "no denominational preference is ever disturbed." The students attend worship on Sunday under the direction of the faculty, except those who have special permission to attend elsewhere. The buildings afford airy, comfortable, well-furnished rooms and halls, ample for all college purposes. During the summer they are used as a pleasure resort. The library has been recently rearranged and contains over 2,000 volumes; and the William Andrews

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