his family and some intimate friends to receive the committee from Washington that brought the two copies of the Declaration of Independence that were presented to him fifty years after the signing of that great document.

Charles Carroll died July 20, 1720, and his son Charles Carroll, remained abroad finishing his education and equipping himself for the duties ahead of him till 1723 when he returned in his twenty-first year to take charge of his estates. The property had been well managed by Mr. James Carroll, a cousin, during the three years after his father's death. Daniel Carroll, his younger brother, remained in Europe another year. Mr. Carroll found Annapolis much changed by the years he had been away. The new capital had been built near the mouth of the Severon river where the Puritans had settled on being driven out of Virginia because they would not conform to the teachings of the Church of England. It had been chartered as a city in 1708 and made a port of entry soon after. Mr. Carroll returned to this city where his father had been a most active citizen, and to find that his estate was one of the most valuable properties in the Province. Additions had been made to the city, new buildings, public and private, had been erected, forms of government had been made more perfect and all in all, the land he had left seemed transformed into a new region on his return.

CHAPTER IV

CHARLES CARROLL OF ANNAPOLIS IN THE PROV. INCE OF MARYLAND

The second Charles Carroll, who having completed his education permanently took up his residence in Maryland in 1723, was generally known as Charles Carroll of Annapolis. He was the father of the signer and was a man of influence from the time of his return to the home of his childhood. Doughoregon Manor had been built and was the family seat of the Carrolls. But they also had a home in the new city of Annapolis, which by this time had become a place of considerable importance.

James Carroll, who as agent of the executors had been in active control after the death of the first Charles Carroll, lived till 1729 and continued in managerial work in coöperation with the heir who gradually assumed the burden and responsibilities; so that by the time of the death of his uncle the nephew was in touch with the work on all branches of the great estate.

His foresight enabled him to see the natural advantages of the Patapsco region near which Doughoregon was located and he encouraged the idea of this being the point for a great metropolis to which the rich lands of Maryland would become tributary.

With this idea in view, in the year of 1729, Mr. Carroll, in connection with some other land owners secured the passage of "an act for erecting a town on the north side of Patapsco, in Baltimore County, and for laying out into lots sixty acres of land in and about the place where one John Flemming now lives."

Flemming was a tenant of Mr. Carroll and resided in a house then usually called a Quarter, standing on the north bank of Uhler's run, and near General Strecker's home, afterwards on Charles street. Under the act an organization was formed for town government, and Baltimore was born. Although Mr. Carroll was the prime mover and the greatest beneficiary, his name nowhere appears in the records. The commissioners were appointed for life and were authorized to fill their own vacancies and appoint their own clerks.

The name of the county and city of Baltimore was intended as a compliment to the Lord Proprietor whose ancestor received his title of Baron from a seaport of that name in the County of Cork, Ireland. The first choice of a lot was reserved to the owner of the land and no one was to take more than one lot during the first four months. Mr. Carroll selected his lot and in December of the same year in behalf of himself and his brother, Daniel, he sold the entire tract to the commissioners who in turn sold it to actual settlers. The broad business liberality of the Carrolls was praised and Baltimore boomed. The beginning of the town was the point now designated as the corner of Pratt and Light streets. Mr. Carroll took the lot on Calvert street next to the river on the east side of the street which was lot 49. At that time Calvert was the only street that touched the river and Mr. Carroll's lot soon became more valuable than was the whole tract before the town was laid out. Among the early settlers came the Quaker families of Gorsuch, Giles, Fell, Hopkins, Matthews and Taylor. They were from England where they had suffered untold persecution and were induced to come to the colony on account of their acquaintance with, and friendliness for Mr. Carroll. All these names became intimately associated with the history of Maryland.

Mr. Carroll evidently entertained many of the advanced ideas of government that we see so conspicuously displayed in his son years afterward, for we find him in regard to the county government of his county saying:

Let us not restore the property qualifications for the members of the Executive or Legislative department; trusting as we can safely, that persons elected by the people duly qualified, may be no less competent to serve the public from a want of fortune.

Charles Carroll of Annapolis married Elizabeth Brooke, daughter of Clement Brooke and Jane Sewell. The wife was well connected and was distantly related to her husband in two or three ways. Her people were Catholic landholders, educated and wealthy. One son was born and was named Charles, who became Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the very influential and conspicuous figures in colonial and national politics. The father lived to see his son achieve great honor as a statesman, but the mother died when he was only twenty-four years old.

At ten years of age, young Charles was sent to school at Bohemia Manor in Maryland and his cousin, John Carroll, afterwards the first Catholic Bishop in this country, was his fellow student. Bohemia Manor was a vast estate in Cecil County and the Jesuit order had there founded a school. This school was broader in its scope than most schools of that day and sought to lay the foundation of a practical and useful education. They taught many things to which little attention was given in most institutions of the time. Bookkeeping, the rudiments of surveying and navigation, as well as the classics were in the course of study.

Father Mansell who founded the school, was doubt

less impressed by the results of a practical education as seen in Augustus Herman and his descendants, the wealthy owners of the great Bohemian and Herman estates around him. These estates were not only the richest on the eastern shore but among the most valuable in the whole country, and all the owners were men who had inherited the hard common sense of Augustus Herman the founder, and had been given what Augustus deemed good educations. One of these men could survey, navigate a ship, keep books or prepare and try a case at law. The great knowledge and ability of the men were as conspicuous as the vastness of the tracts of land they owned. The fertility of his resources is seen in the case of the original Herman who is put down as the inventor of naturalization. When he applied to the Lord Proprietor for a grant of land he found that he was barred by reason of his being a subject under control of Governor Stuyvesant of New York. But he said "I will fix that " and he prepared a set of papers in which he renounced every other allegiance and swore to become and be a faithful citizen of the Province of Maryland. This declaration was accepted in lieu of length of residence; and so far as known this is the first naturalization case of this or any other country.

And though years had elapsed the impress made by the hard common sense of Augustus Herman was still felt.

Father Mansell's school was a great success and to it came the sons of rich men, mostly Catholics from all parts of the Province and in fact, from all parts of the country. After remaining a little over a year in the school at Bohemia Manor, the two Carrolls returned to their homes preparatory to being sent abroad to continue their education.