ADULATE As vines the trees, as grapes the vines adorn. TO ADULATE, FLATTER, COMPLIMENT. We adulate by discovering in our actions as well as words an entire subser person with an immoderate conceit of There he beheld how humbly diligent DANIEL. As on the one hand he (the upright man) is careful not to run himself into inconveniences by his ness and good-will he possesseth to all about him good-nature; so, on the other hand, the kindis more than a compliment or the semblance of SHARP. his countenance. TO ADVANCE, PROCEED. ADVANCE, v. to adduce, allege, assign, PROCEED, in Latin procedo, advance. signifies to go forward. To advance is to go toward some point; to proceed is to go onward in a certain course. viency: we flatter directly by words expressive of admiration; indirectly by actions which convey the same sentiments: we compliment by fair language or respect The same distinction is preful civilities. An adulatory address is couched in terms of feigned devotion to served between them in their figurative acceptation. A person advances in the the object; a flattering address is filled with the fictitious perfections of the ob- world who succeeds in his transactions ject; a complimentary address is suited and raises himself in society; he proceeds to the station of the individual and the in his business when he carries it on as occasion which gives rise to it. Courtiers he has done before. We advance by proare guilty of adulation; lovers are addict-ceeding, and we proceed in order to adSome people pass their lives in ed to flattery; people of fashion indulge vance. themselves in a profusion of compliments. the same situation without advancing; The servile and excessive adulation of the senate soon convinced Tiberius that the Roman spirit had suffered a total change under Augus CUMBERLAND. tus. You may be sure a woman loves a man when she uses his expressions, tells his stories, or imi- SPECTATOR. I have known a hero complimented upon the decent majesty and state he assumed after vicPOPE. tory. Adulation can never be practised without falsehood; its means are hypocrisy and lying, its motive servile fear, its end private interest: flattery always exceeds the truth; it is extravagant praise dictated by an overweening partiality, or, what is more frequent, by a disingenuous temper: compliments are not incompatible with sincerity, unless they are dictated from a mere compliance with the prescribed rules of politeness or the momentary desire of pleasing. Adulation may be fulsome, flattery gross, compliments unmeaning. Adulation inspires a 3 some are always doing without proceeding. Those who make considerable progress in learning stand the fairest chance of advancing to dignity and honor. It is wonderful to observe by what a gradual prodigious variety of species, before a creature is progress the world of life advances through a formed that is complete in all its senses. ADDISON. If the scale of being rises by such a regular progress so high as man, we may by a parity of reason suppose that it still proceeds gradually through those beings which are of a superior nature to him. ADDISON. ADVANTAGE, BENEFIT, UTILITY. ADVANTAGE, in French avantage, probably comes from the Latin adventum, participle of advenio, compounded of ad and venio, to come to, signifying to come to any one according to his desire, or agreeably to his purpose. BENEFIT, in French bienfait, Latin benefactum, compounded of bene, well, and factum, done, signifies done or made to one's wishes. UTILITY, in French utilité, Latin utilitas, ADVANTAGE 50 ADVERSE He does the office of a counsellor, a judge, an executor, and a friend, to all his acquaintance, without the profits which attend such offices. STEELE. the good derived from a thing, as the Advantage may be applied either to advantage of dress, that is the advantage derived from dress; or to the thing from which the good is derived, as, dress is an advantage to the person. Nothing is so glorious in the eyes of mankind, and ornamental to human nature, setting aside the infinite advantages which arise from it, as a strong, steady masculine piety. For he in all his am'rous battles, N'advantage finds like goods and chattels. ADDISON and utilis, useful, from utor, to use, siguifies the quality of being able to be used. Advantage respects external or extrinsic circumstances of profit, honor, and convenience; benefit respects the consequences of actions and events; utility respects the good which can be drawn from the use of any object. A large house or a particular situation may have its advantages; suitable exercise is attended with benefit; sun-dials have their utility in ascertaining the hour precisely by the sun. Things are sold to advantage; persons ride or walk for the benefit of their health; they purchase articles for their utility. A good education has always its advantages, although every one cannot derive the same benefit from the cultivation of his talents, as all have not the happy art of employing their acquire-sumed to plant it in contemplation of present ments to the right objects: riches are of profit. no utility unless rightly employed. It is of great advantage to young people to form good connections on their entrance into life; it is no less beneficial to their morals to be under the guidance of the aged and experienced, from whom they may draw many useful directions for their future conduct. It is the great advantage of a trading nation, that there are very few in it so dull and heavy, who may not be placed in stations of life which may give them an opportunity of making their ADDISON. For the benefit of the gentle reader, I will show what to turn over unread, and what to peruse. fortunes. STEELE All from utility this law approve, ADVANTAGE, profit. ADVANTAGE, v. Advantage, benefit. PROFIT, in French profite, Latin profec tus, participle of proficio, compounded of pro and facio, signifies that which makes for one's good. The idea common to these terms is of some good received by a person. Advantage is general; it respects everything which can contribute to the wishes, wants, and comforts of life; profit in its proper sense is applied to pecuniary advantage. Situations have their advan tuges; trade has its profits. BUTLER, Profit is always taken for that good which is derived from a thing. When a man plants a tree, he cannot be pre- Advantage implies something annexed to or coming to a thing accidentally; or it may be what a man esteems to be an advantage: profit is that which is real, substantial, and permanent. If we commit a smaller evil to procure a greater, certain guilt would be thus incurred, in expectation of contingent advantage. GOLDSMITH, We are taught to pray, not for absolute deliverance from all assaults of our enemies, but for defence in them; because it is oftentimes for the glory of God and the profit of his servants, that BIDDULPH. they should be assaulted." ADVERSE, CONTRARY, OPPOSITE. ADVERSE, in French adverse, Latin adversus, participle of adverto, compounded of ad and verto, signifies turning toward or against. CONTRARY, in French contra, against. OPPOSITE, in Latin opcontraire, Latin contrarius, comes from positus, participle of oppono, is compounded of ob and pono, signifying placed in the way. Adverse respects the feelings and interests of persons; contrary regards their plans and purposes; opposite respects the Fortune is adverse; an event turns out situation and relative nature of things. contrary to what was expected; sentiments are opposite to each other. cumstances are sometimes so adverse as to baffle the best concerted plans; facts often prove directly contrary to the repGOLDSMITH.resentations given of them; people with Were I a poet, I should say, that so much beauty set off with all the advantages of dress would be too powerful an antagonist over the other sex. Cir INIMICAL, ADVERSE, v. Adverse. from the Latin inimicus, an enemy, and HOSTILE, in Latin hostilis, from hostis, an enemy, signify belonging to an enemy. REPUGNANT, in Latin repugnans, from repugno, or re and pugno, to fight against, signifies warring with. 51 Adverse may be applied to either persons or things; inimical and hostile to persons or things personal; repugnant person is adverse, or to things only. a thing is adverse to an object; a person, or what is personal, is either inimical or hostile to an object; one thing is repugannt to another. We are adverse to a proposition, or circumstances are adverse to our advancement; partisans are inimical to the proceedings of govern ment, and hostile to the possessors of power. In respect to persons, adverse denotes merely the relation of being opposed; inimical, the spirit of the individual in private matters; and hostile, the situation, conduct, and temper of individ Those uals or bodies in public matters. who are adverse to any undertaking are not likely to use their endeavors to insure success; traders will be inimical to the introduction of anything that threatens to be injurious to their trade; some persons are hostile to establishments in religion. the adverse faction. Only two soldiers were killed on the side of BLAIR. DRYDEN. In respect to things, what is adverse acts to the hinderance or disadvantage of the thing to which it is opposed; as ad ADVERSITY The books (in the library) were remaining at Lambeth in 1646, two years after Archbishop Laud had been put to death; when, probably fearing for their safety in times so inimical to learning, Mr. Selden suggested to the University of Cambridge their right to them; and the whole were delivered into their possession. PENNANT. The exorbitant jurisdiction of the (Scotch) ecpugnant to justice. clesiastical courts were founded on maxims re ROBERTSON. ADVERSE, AVERSE. ADVERSE (v. Adverse), signifying turnAVERSE, ed against or over against, denotes simply opposition of situation. from a and versus, signifying turned from or away from, denotes an active removal or separation from. Adverse is therefore as applicable to inanimate as to animate objects; averse only to animate objects. When applied to conscious agents, adverse refers to matters of opinion and sentiment; averse to matters of feeling. One is adverse to that which he thinks wrong; he is averse to that which opposes his inclinations, habits, or interests. Before you were a tyrant I was your friend, and am now no otherwise your enemy than every Athenian must be who is adverse to your usurpation. CUMBERLAND. Men relinquish ancient habits slowly, and with reluctance. They are averse to new experiments, and venture upon them with timidity. ROBERTSON. ADVERSITY, DISTRESS. ADVERSITY signifies adverse circumstances. DISTRESS, from the Latin distringo, compounded of dis, twice, and stringo, to bind, signifies that which binds very tight, or brings into a great strait. Adversity respects external circumstances, distress regards either external circumstances or inward feelings. Adversity is opposed to prosperity; distress Adversity is a general condi to ease. Dis-scribed. AFFABLE INSTRUCTION, in French in. struction, Latin instructio, comes from in and struo, to dispose or regulate, signifying the thing laid down by way of regulating. tion; distress a particular state. tress is properly the highest degree of adversity. When a man's affairs go altogether adverse to his wishes and hopes, when accidents deprive him of his possessions or blast his prospects, he is said to be in adversity; but when in addition to this he is reduced to a state of want, deprived of friends and all prospect of relief, his situation is that of real distress. Adversity is trying, distress is overwhelm-vice flows from superior professional ing. Every man is liable to adversity, although few are reduced to distress but by their own fault. TO ADVERTISE, PUBLISH. ADVERTISE, from the Latin adverto, compounded of ad and verto, to turn to, signifies to turn the attention to a thing. PUBLISH, in Latin publico, that is, facere publicum, signifies to make public. Advertise denotes the means, and publish the end. To advertise is to direct the public attention to any event by means of a printed circular; publish is to make known either by oral or printed communication. We publish by advertising, but we do not always advertise when we pub. lish. Mercantile and civil transactions are conducted by means of advertisements. Extraordinary circumstances are speedily published in a neighborhood by circulating from mouth to mouth. Every man that advertises his own excellence should write with some consciousness of a character which dares to call the attention of the public. JOHNSON. The criticisms which I have hitherto published have been made with an intention rather to discover beauties and excellences in the writers of my own time, than to publish any of their faults and imperfections. ADDISON. The end of all the actions implied by these words is the communication of knowledge, and all of them include the accessory idea of superiority, either of age, station, knowledge, or talent. Ad knowledge, or an acquaintance with things in general; counsel regards superior wisdom, or a superior acquaintance with moral principles and practice; instruction respects superior local knowledge in particular transactions. A medical man gives advice to his patient; a father gives counsel to his children; a counsellor gives advice to his client in points of law; he receives instructions from him in matters of fact. Advice should be prudent and cautious; counsel sage and deliberative; instructions clear and positive. Advice is given on all the concerns of life, important or otherwise; counsel is employed for grave and weighty matters; instruction is used on official occasions. Men of business are best able to give advice in mercantile transactions. In all measures that involve our future happiness, it is prudent to take the counsel of those who are more experienced than ourselves. An ambassador must not act without instructions from his court. In what manner can one give advice to a youth in the pursuit and possession of pleasure? STEELE. Young persons are commonly inclined to slight the remarks and counsels of their elders, JOHNSON. Some convey their instructions to us in the best chosen words. ADDISON. AFFABLE, COURTEOUS. AFFABLE, in Latin affabilis, from af or ad, to, and for, to speak, signifies ready to speak or be spoken with, and is particularly applied to persons in a higher condition; princes and nobles are commonly said to be affable when they converse freely with those not in the same condition. ADVICE, COUNSEL, INSTRUCTION. ADVICE, v. To Admonish. COUNSEL, in French conseil, Latin consilium, comes from consilio, compounded of con and salio, to leap together, signifying to run or act in accordance; and in an extended Charles (11.), says Cibber, was often seen here sense implies deliberation, or the thing (in St. James's Park) amidst crowds of spectators, deliberated upon, determined, and pre-feeding his ducks and playing with his dogs, and AFFAIR passing his idle moments in affability even to the meanest of his subjects; which made him to PENNANT. be adored by the common people. which perpetually offers itself. Some Affability is properly confined to verbal communication; but COURTEOUS-est to them. NESS, from the word court, signifying after the manner of a court or courtier, refers to actions and manners; affability flows from the natural temper; courteousness from good-breeding, or the acquired temper. She sighs and says, forsooth, and cries heigh-ho! She'll take ill words o' th' steward and the servants, Yet answer affably and modestly. BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER. Whereat the Elfin knight with speeches gent WEST. AFFAIR, BUSINESS, CONCERN. AFFAIR, in French affaire, is compounded of af or ad and faire, in Latin facio, to make or do, signifying the thing that is made, done, or that takes place for BUSIa person, or for a given purpose. NESS, from busy (v. Active), signifies the thing that makes or interests a person, or with which he is busy or occupied. CONCERN, in French concerner, Latin concerno, compounded of con and cerno, to look, signifies the thing looked at, thought of, or taken part in. An affair is what happens; a business is what busies; a concern is what is felt. An affair is general; it respects one, many, or all: every business and concern is an affair, though not vice versa. Business and concern are personal; business is that which engages the attention; con-cern is that which interests the feelings, prospects, and condition, advantageously or otherwise. An affair is important; a business is serious; a concern momentous. The usurpation of power is an affair which interests a nation; the adjusting a difference is a business most suited to the ministers of religion; to make one's peace with one's Maker is the concern of every individual. Affairs are administered; business is transacted; concerns are managed. The affairs of the world are administered by a Divine Providence. Those who are in the practice of the law require peculiar talents to fit them for transacting the complicated business, I remember in Tully's epistle, in the recommendation of a man to an affair which had no manner of relation to money, it is said, you may trust him, for he is a frugal man. STEELE. We may indeed say that our part does not suit us, and that we could perform another better; but this, says Epictetus, is not our business. ADDISON. The sense of other men ought to prevail over TO AFFECT, CONCERN. Things affect us which produce any We see that every different species of sensible creatures has its different notions of beauty, and that each of them is affected with the beauties of its own kind. ADDISON. This gives all Europe, in my opinion, too close Affect and concern have an analogous We may be affected either with joy or sorrow: we are concerned only in a painful manner. People of tender sensibility are easily affected: irritable people are concerned about trifles. It is hatural for every one to be affected at the recital of misfortunes; but there are people of so cold and selfish a character as not to be concerned about anything which |