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TABLE III.

Of States in the order of Population in 1820, with the Population in 1800 and 1810, and the

Rate of Increase.

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Of the Increase of Slaves and Free Persons, and the Number of Slaves to 1000 Free Persons

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TABLE V.

198. The following Table exhibits the Classification of the productive Inhabitants of each State, the Number of Persons engaged in Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures, in each of the United States; together with the proportion which each Class forms of the whole Population.

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199. The following Table shows the Increase of Population in the whole United States since 1790. It is generally at the rate of 3 per cent. per annum.

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200. GOVERNMENT.-The powers of the federal government are legislative, executive, and Judiciary: I. The legislative power is vested in a congress of the United States, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives. 201. The members of the house of representatives are chosen every second year by the ple of the several states; and the electors in each state must have the qualifications requisite for the electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. A representative must be twenty-five years of age, and have been seven years a citizen of the United States; and be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The representatives are at present chosen in the several states in the proportion of one for every 40,000, in which enumeration the Indians and two-fifths of the people of colour

are not included.

202. The senate is composed of two members from each state, chosen for six years by the respective state legislatures; and the seats of onethird are vacated every two years. A senator must be thirty years of age, and have been nine years a citizen of the United States, and at the time of his election an inhabitant of the state for which he is chosen. The vice-president of the United States is likewise president of the senate; but has no vote unless they are equally divided.

203. Congress must assemble at least once every year. The meetings shall be on the first Monday in December, unless a different day shall be appointed by law. No law can be passed without the concurrence of both houses. When that is obtained, it is presented to the president, who, if he approves, signs it; if not, he returns it, with his objections, for the re-consideration of congress, and it cannot in that case become a law without the concurrence of twothirds of the meinbers. The president must return it within ten days, otherwise it becomes a law without his approbation.

204. The congress have power-1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States. 5. To coin money; to regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin; and fix the standard of weights and measures 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court. 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations. 11. To declare war; grant letters of marque and

reprisal; and make rules concerning captures on
12. To raise and support ai-
land and water.
mies. But no appropriation of money for that
use shall be for a longer term than two years.
13. To provide and maintain a navy. 14. To
make rules for the government and regulation of
15. To provide for

the land and naval forces.
calling forth the militia to execute the laws of
the union, suppress insurrections, and repel in-
vasions. 16. To provide for organizing, arming,
and disciplining the militia, and for governing
such part of them as may be employed in the
service of the United States; reserving to the
states respectively the appointment of the offi-
cers, and the authority of training the militia
according to the discipline prescribed by con-
gress. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in
all cases whatsoever, over such district (not ex-
ceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular states, and the acceptance of congress,
become the seat of government of the United
States; and to exercise like authority over ali
places purchased by the consent of the legisla-
ture of the state in which the same shall be, for
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-
yards, and other needful buildings; and 18. To
make all laws which shall be necessary and pro-
per for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers, and all other powers vested by this con-
stitution in the government of the United States,
or any department or officer thereof.

205. II. The executive power is vested in a president, who is elected for four years, as follows: Each state appoints, in such a manner as the legislature may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives which that state sends to congress. But no senator or representative, or person holding any office of trust or profit under the United States, can be an elector. The electors meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. The list of the votes are sent to the seat of government, directed to the president of the senate; who, in presence of the senate and house of representatives, opens the certificates, and the votes are counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for president is declared to be elected to that office, provided he have the votes of a majority of all the electors appointed. If not, then from the persons having the greatest number of votes, not exceeding three, the house of representatives choose the president by ballot. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; and he must be thirty-five years of age, and have resided fourteen years within the United States. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officers in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, for offences against

the United States, except in cases of impeach

ment.

206. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.

207. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of the state of the Union; and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

208. III. The judiciary power of the United States is vested in a supreme court, and in such inferior courts, as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, hold their offices during good behaviour; and receive for their services a compensation, which cannot be diminished during their continuance in office.

209. The judiciary power extends to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or to be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party, to controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 210. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress may make.

211. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such VOL. IL

place or places as the congress may by law have directed.

212. The following declaratory clauses show more particularly the principles of the constitution. 1. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 2. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 3. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census. 4. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 5. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 6. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person, holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 7. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 8. No state shall, without consent of congress, lay any tax or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 9. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by penal laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 10. New states may be admitted by the congress into this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the congress. 11. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed, as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. The United States shall guaranty to every state

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12.

213. The laws of the United States are of twofold character, corresponding with the nature of the government; and are general or federal laws, and state laws. The general laws consist of the constitution of the United States, acts of congress and public treaties. The state laws consist of the state constitution, the statute law or acts of the state legislature, and the common law of each, usually founded on the common law of England.

214. AGRICULTURE.-The United States, and its territories, were so recently settled, and fertile land has been so abundant, that there has been less inducement than in Europe, to improve the methods of tillage. It has been too common to cultivate lands in an imperfect manner, until they were worn out; and then clear up new tracts of forest, or emigrate into the unsettled and fertile country west of the Allegany mountains. The rich vegetable mould which accumulates in a forest affords for many years so rich a soil, that abundant crops are produced with very little care. Hence the agriculture is much inferior to that of England, although far superior to that of most parts of Europe. In the older states, great efforts have been made of late years, and considerable improvements effected.

In this union a republican form of government; to the people. 24. The judicial power of the and shall protect each of them against invasion, United States shall not be construed to extend and on application of the legislature, or of the to any suit in law or equity, commenced or proexecutive (when the legislature cannot be con- secuted against one of the United States by vened), against domestic violence. 13. The citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects senators and representatives before mentioned, of any foreign state. and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. 14. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the rights of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 15. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 16. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 17. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 18. No person shall be held answerable for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except n cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in he militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger: nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 19. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 20. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a ury shall be otherwise re-examined, in any court the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 21. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 22. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 23. The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or

215. With regard to the products of agricul ture, the United States may be divided into four regions, corresponding to those of climate: the northern or grazing region—the middle or wheat region-the warm or cotton region-and the tropical region on the gulf of Mexico, producing the sugar-cane.

216. New England, and the northern parts of New York, are best adapted to grazing, from the soil and face of the country. Butter, cheese, cattle, and provisions, are the chief products, and large quantities are exported. Great numbers of sheep are raised, and a considerable quantity of wool is furnished for manufacture. New England is divided into small farms, which are generally tilled in a neat and skilful manner. Wheat was formerly cultivated; but it has become a precarious crop of late years, and rye is the principal grain now raised. Large supplies of wheat are obtained from the middle region. Maize and potatoes are among the most important vegetable products. Barley, oats, and buck-wheat, and the garden vegetables, yield abundantly. Orchards are numerous in most parts of New England; and cider is the common drink of the inhabitants. The peach is raised with difficulty; but other fruits of the temperate regions are abundant.

217. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont are only in a partial state of cultivation. The extensive forests furnish large quantities of timber and potash for exportation.

218. The northern part of Rhode Island is sterile; but the islands and coast of Narraganset Bay are among the most fertile and well cultivated spots in the United States, and are cele

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