and saw the agonies of those who were tormented and executed in the Tullian ;- this was, indeed, feeling what has been so emphatically termed "the bitterness of death."

Our memories suggest to us many celebrated names who thus miserably perished. Here Jugurtha was starved, after having endured the most infamous insults. All the Catiline League were here strangled by Cicero's order. The crafty Sejanus was here slain by order of Tiberius; and Simon, chief leader of the Jews, made captive by Titus, here, also, met his punishment. From a passage of Josephus, it appears that the deaths of the chiefs and princes of the vanquished nations took place in the prison beneath, at the moment while the triumphal Conqueror was passing above to sacrifice to Capitoline Jove. Such was their religion; and such was the mercy and the feeling of the lords of the Western world towards their self-made enemies, whose only misfortune it was to be vanquished by them. JOURNAL,

LXII.

"Behold the Priest who sacrificed his son :

The humane Virgil has accorded his full approval of the deed in one of his finest lines:

Vincet amor patriæ, laudumque immensa cupido !

LXV.

But thy misgiving mind itself betrayed :

Montesquieu has penetrated to its depth the character of

Pompey Mais comme il avoit souverainement le foible de vouloir être approuvé, il ne pouvoit s'empêcher de prêter l'oreille aux vains discours de ses gens qui le railloient ou l'accusoient sans cesse.

The Statue of Pompey, in the Spada Palace, is colossal in its fullest proportions. His right arm is extended; in his left hand he holds a globe, supposed to be typical of his having made the Eastern world tributary to Rome.* He is not nude, for the pallium sits close to his form. Nothing can well be conceived more imposing than the attitude and whole appearance of this Statue; it is majestic to the last degree. But there is nothing austere or stern in the features; on the contrary, they exactly illustrate his character as dilated on by Plutarch, as hinted at by Cicero. They are full and regular preserving that beauty of outline which he retained through life. The lips are depressed; the eyes are full and opened: the forehead unusually high, expressing much of what, I believe, the craniologists call "veneration ;" there is an august character, indeed, about the whole head, inspiring, in marble, that sense of reverence which he impressed in life. I especially noted two deep lines furrowed in the forehead, faithfully copied no doubt. I observed that the mouth was depressed; it occurred to me, also, that there was a general air of depression in the whole character of the face, as if it seemed to prophesy the future, while evincing the indecision of will which hastened it.

The ever-varying Cicero did not always speak of Pompey

* Winkleman.

with the same reverence: "Was there ever a more absurd "mortal than your friend Pompey, to act in so trifling a

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manner, after having raised such terrible commotions ?"*

Touching the patriotism of Cicero-" As long as our "country's dissensions are confined to debate, we ought to "join with the more righteous side; but, as soon as the sword " is drawn, the strongest party is always the best." Such principles defend the most abandoned prostitution and desertion in political conduct. It were to be wished that every man who embraces this maxim were as little scrupulous in confessing it; for, of all noxious creatures, a knave, without a mask, is by far the least dangerous. JOURNAL.

In vain his face while fulling he would cloke.

The event is well told by Suetonius-Cæsar fell at the base of Pompey's statue.

LXVIII.

And this was the hill Palatine.

After all one has heard of the Palace of the Cæsars, the first impression on beholding it, must be one of disappointment; its traditions and memories retain their influence; but time and havoc have done too much-they have gone too far. To look upon the hill of fable, fame, and luxury— the three epochs of nations-without the deepest feelings, would be impossible. This was the cradle of Rome's infancy, and her final burying-place: the first and last object.

* Cicero's Letters.

of every pillager or destroyer. Luxury was for ever here employed to create or to beautify: and, as often, caprice or rapine followed her, to despoil or to overthrow. The five first Kings lived on or around it; and, when regal power was overthrown, Publicola rased from hence the house he had erected, from seeing that, in despite of his known patriotism, it excited popular mistrust; how great was the man, and the people, at that time! and how altered they rapidly became, dating always from the fall of Carthage. JOURNAL.

LXX.

Fame left the hill with Cæsar.

The most illustrious men of Rome inhabited the Palatine and beheld from its many points the same prospect as presented now-for the hills and the sky are unchangeable. Cicero, Antony, Hortensius, and many others, had villas here; here, also, was Augustus born. The Palace was enlarged or lessened to the caprice of different Emperors. Burnt down in the year A. C. 64, Nero erected from its ruins his golden Palace, to which our friend Aladdin's was a mere hovel, judging from the fact alone, that the columns of the portico amounted to three thousand, before which stood the Emperor's colossal Statue of one hundred and twenty feet in height. Genseric was the first who sacked it: Totila followed-and we may guess how much the Goth spared of that which the Vandal left behind him. Heraclius, however, we know, lived in it during the seventh century; during the eighth also, a great part of it remained.

At present-one mass of ruins-the very bones of the skeleton lie scattered far distant; and all form is indefinable. Roofless halls, arches half-fallen, some above, others below, wrecks of porticoes and chambers, huge trees rising among them, together with whole orchards and gardens in full bloom, round towers, their hollow windows, or shapeless holes, yawning open to the sky, and their ribs crushed through on every side, wild flowers, thick myrtles, young cypresses and aloes, making 66 a wilderness of sweets," cover and hide the rank soil in every direction. Some of the sweetest wallflowers I ever gathered were from hence: I only wished for some means to preserve them, feeling them the sacred reliques which they were.

JOURNAL.

LXXV.

Till Cato fires me with his patriot heat.

The characters of Cato and Cicero are too finely discriminated by Montesquieu to be omitted: "Je crois que si Caton s'étoit réservé pour la république, il auroit donné aux choses tout un autre tour. Cicéron, avec des parties admirables pour un second rôle, etoit incapable du premier; il avoit un beau génie, mais une ame souvent commune. L'accessoire, chez Cicero, c'etoit la vertu ; chez Caton c'étoit la gloire: Cicéron se voyoit toujours le premier; Caton s'oublioit toujours celui-ci vouloit sauver la république pour elle même ; celui là pour s'en vanter. Je pourrois continuer le parallele en disant que quand Caton prévoyoit, Cicéron se comfioit;