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About a fortnight after, I received from him the following letter.

"DEAR SIR,

for the gentleman I was to speak to, I resolved | have bursted, which I took at first to have not to lose this opportunity of satisfying my been a fit of laughter; but upon lifting up his curiosity. I could not well discern by her head, I saw his eyes all red with weeping. He dress, which was genteel though not fine, whe- forced a smile at the end of my story, and we ther she was the mistress of the house, or only parted. a servant; but supposing her to be the first, 86 I am glad, madam," said I, after having long inquired after you, to have so happily met with you, and to find you mistress of so fine a place." These words were like to have spoiled all, and threw her into such a disorder, that it was some time before she could recover herself; but as soon as she was able to speak, 'Sir," said she, you are mistaken; I am but a servant." Her voice fell in these last words, and she burst again into tears. I was sorry to have occasioned in her so much grief and confusion, and said what I could to com

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"I am infinitely obliged to you for bringing me news of my angel. I have since married her, and think the low circumstances she was reduced to a piece of good luck to both of us, since it has quite removed that little pride and vanity, which was the only part of her character that I disliked, and given me an opportunity of showing her the constant and sincere affection which I professed to her in the time of her prosperity." 'Yours,

Solventur risa tapulæ, tu missus abibis.

'R. T.'

Hor. Lib. 2. Sat. i. ver. ult. IMITATED.

My lords the Judges laugh, and you're dismiss'd.

Pope.

FROM writing the history of lions, I lately went off to that of ants; but to my great sur

fort her. Alas, sir,” said she, "my condition is much better than I deserve, I have the kindest and best of women for my mistress. She is wife to the gentleman you come to speak withal. You know her very well, and have No. 160.] Monday, September 14, 1713. often seen her with me." To make my story short, I found that my late friend's daughter was now a servant to the barber's daughter, whom she had formerly treated so disdainfully. The gentleman at whose house I now was, fell in love with Moll, and being master of a great fortune, married her, and lives with her as happily, and as much to his satisfaction as he could desire. He treats her with all the friend-prise, I find that some of my good readers have ship and respect possible, but not with more than her behaviour and good qualities deserve. And it was with a great deal of pleasure I heard her maid dwell so long upon her commendation. She informed me, that after her father's death, her mother and she lived for a while together in great poverty. But her mother's spirit could not bear the thoughts of asking relief of any of her own, or her husband's acquaintance, so they retired from all their friends, until they were providentially discovered by this newmarried woman, who heaped on them favours upon favours. Her mother died shortly after, who, while she lived, was better pleased to see her daughter a beggar, than a servant; but being freed by her death, she was taken into this gentlewoman's family, where she now lived, though much more like a friend or a companion, than like a servant.

taken this last to be a work of invention, which was only a plain narrative of matter of fact. They will several of them have it that my last Thursday and Friday's papers are full of concealed satire, and that I have attacked people in the shape of pismires, whom I durst not meddle with in the shape of men. I must confess that I write with fear and trembling, ever since that ingenious person the Examiner, in his little pamphlet, which was to make way for one of his following papers, found out treason in the word expect.

But I shall for the future leave my friend to manage the controversy in a separate work, being unwilling to fill with disputes a paper which was undertaken purely out of good-will to my countrymen. I must therefore declare that those jealousies and suspicions, which have been raised in some weak minds, by means of the two above-mentioned discourses concerning ants or pismires, are altogether groundless. There is not an emmet in all that whole narrative who is either whig or tory; and I could

'I went home full of this strange adventure; and about a week after chancing to be in company with Mr. T. the rejected lover, whom I mentioned in the beginning of my letter, I told him the whole story of his angel, not question-heartily wish, that the individuals of all parties ing but he would feel on this occasion, the usual pleasures of a resenting lover, when he hears that fortune has avenged him of the cruelty of his mistress. As I was recounting to him at large these several particulars, I observed that he covered his face with his hand, and that his breast heaved as though it would

among us, had the good of their country at heart, and endeavoured to advance it by the same spirit of frugality, justice, and mutual benevolence, as are visibly exercised by members of those little commonwealths.

After this short preface, I shall lay before my reader a letter or two which occasioned it.

MR. IRONSIDE,

sentence to draw up an indictment that"-He 'I have laid a wager with a friend of mine here lost his voice a second time in the exabout the pigeons that used to peck up the tremity of his rage; and the whole company, corn which belonged to the ants. I say that who were all of them tories, bursting out into a by these pigeons you meant the Palatines. He sudden laugh, he threw down his penny in great will needs have it that they were the Dutch. wrath, and retired with a most formidable frown. We both agree that the papers upon the strings This, sir, I thought fit to acquaint you with, which frighted them away were pamphlets, Ex-that you may make what use of it you please. aminers, and the like. We beg you will satisfy us in this particular, because the wager is very considerable, and you will much oblige two of

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'Why so rusty? will you never leave your innuendoes? Do you think it hard to find out who is the tulip in your last Thursday's paper? Or can you imagine that three nests of ants is such a disguise, that the plainest reader cannot see three kingdoms through it? The blowing up of a neighbouring settlement, where there was a race of poor beggarly ants, under a worse form of government, is not so difficult to be explained as you imagine. Dunkirk is not yet demolished. Your ants are enemies to rain, are they! old Birmingham: no more of your ants, if you don't intend to stir up a nest of hornets.

DEAR GUARDIAN,

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• WILL WASP.'

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I only wish that you would sometimes diversify your papers with many other pieces of natural history, whether of insects or animals; this being a subject which the most common reader is capable of understanding, and which is very diverting in its nature; besides that, it highly redounds to the praise of that Being who has inspired the several parts of the sensitive world with such wonderful and different kinds of instinct as enable them to provide for themselves, and preserve their species in that state of existence wherein they are placed. There is no party concerned in speculations of this nature, which, instead of inflaming those unnatural beats that prevail among us, and take up most of our thoughts, may divert our minds to subjects that are useful, and suited to reasonable creatures. Dissertations of this kind are the more proper for your purpose, as they do not require any depth of mathematics, or any previous science to qualify the reader for the understanding of them. To this I might add, that it is a shame for men to be ignorant of these worlds of wonders which are transacted in the midst of them, and not be acquainted with those objects which are every where before their eyes. To which I might further add, that several are of opinion, there is no other use in many of these creatures than to furnish matter of contemplation and wonder to those inhabitants of the earth, who are its only creatures that are capable of it. 'I am, Sir,

Your constant reader,

' and humble servant."

< Calling in yesterday at a coffee-house in the city, I saw a very short, corpulent, angry man reading your paper about the ants. I observed that he reddened and swelled over every sentence of it. After having perused it throughout, he laid it down upon the table, called the woman of the coffee-house to him, and asked her in a magisterial voice, if she knew what she did in taking in such papers! The woman was in such a confusion, that I thought it a piece of charity to interpose in her behalf, and asked him whether he had found any thing in it of dangerous import? Sir," said he, it is a republican paper from one end to the other, and if the author had his deserts"-He here grew so exceeding choleric and fierce, that he could not proceed; till after having recovered himself, he laid his finger upon the following sentence, and read it with a very stern voice-" Though ants are very knowing, I do not take them to be conjurers: and therefore they could not guess that I had put some corn in that room. I perceived for several days MOST VENERABLE NESTOR, that they were very much perplexed, and went 'As you are a person that very eminently a great way to fetch their provisions. I was distinguish yourself in the promotion of the not willing for some time to make them more public good, I desire your friendship in signieasy: for I had a mind to know whether theyfying to the town what concerns the greatest would at last find out the treasure, and see it at a great distance, and whether smelling enabled them to know what is good for their nourishment." Then throwing the paper upon the table" Sir," says he, these things are got to be suffered-1 would engage out of this

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After having presented my reader with this set of letters, which are all upon the same subject, I shall here insert one that has no relation to it. But it has always been my maxim, never to refuse going out of my way to do any honest man a service, especially when I have an interest in it myself.

good of life, health. I do assure you, sir, there is in a vault under the Exchange in Cornhill, over-against Pope's-head-alley, a parcel of French wines, full of the seeds of good humour, cheerfulness, and friendly mirth. I bave been told, the learned of our nation agree, there is

no such thing as bribery in liquors; therefore
I shall presume to send you of it, lest you
should think it inconsistent with integrity to
recommend what you do not understand by
experience. Iu the mean time please to insert
this, that every man may judge for himself.
'I am, Sir, &c.'

No. 161.] Tuesday, September 15, 1713.
-Incoctum generoso pectus honesto.

Pers, Sat. ii. 74.

A gennine virtue of a vigorous kind,

Pure in the last recesses of the mind. Dryden.

EVERY principle that is a motive to good actions ought to be encouraged, since men are of so different a make, that the same principle does not work equally upon all minds. What some men are prompted to by conscience, duty, or religion, which are only different names for the same thing, others are prompted to by honour.

The sense of honour is of so fine and delicate a nature, that it is only to be met with in minds which are naturally noble, or in such as have been cultivated by great examples, or a refined education. This paper therefore is chiefly desigued for those who by means of any of these advantages are, or ought to be actuated by this glorious principle.

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In the second place, we are to consider those who have mistaken notions of honour. And these are such as establish any thing to themselves for a point of honour, which is contrary either to the laws of God, or of their country; who think it more honourable to revenge than to forgive an injury; who make no scruple of telling a lie, but would put any man to death that accuses them of it; who are more careful to guard their reputation by their courage, than by their virtue. True fortitude is indeed so becoming in human nature, that he who wants it scarce deserves the name of a man; but we find several who so much abuse this notion, that they place the whole idea of honour in a kind of brutal courage; by which means we have had .nary among us who have called themselves men of honour, that would have been a disgrace to a gibbet. In a word, the man who sacrifices any duty of a reasonable creature to a prevailing mode or fashion, who looks upon any thing as honourable that is displeasing to his Maker, or destructive to society, who thinks himself obliged by this principle to the practice of some virtues and not of others, is by no means to be reckoned among true men of honour.

Timogenes was a lively instance of one actuated by false honour. Timogenes would smile at a man's jest who ridiculed bis Maker, and at the same time run a man through the body that spoke ill of his friend. Timogenes would have scorned to have betrayed a secret that was intrusted with him, though the fate of his country depended upon the discovery of it. Timogenes took away the life of a young fellow in a duel, for having spoken ill of Belinda, a lady whom he himself had seduced in her youth, and betrayed into want and ignominy. To close his character, Timogenes, after having ruined several poor tradesmen's families who had trusted him, sold his estate to satisfy his creditors; but, like a man of honour, disposed of all the money he could make of it, in the paying off his play debts, or to speak in his own language, his debts of honour.

But as nothing is more pernicious than a principle of action, when it is misunderstood, I shall consider honour with respect to three sorts of men: First of all, with regard to those who have a right notion of it: Secondly, with regard to those who have a mistaken notion of it and Thirdly, with regard to those who treat it as chimerical, and turn it into ridicule. In the first place, true honour, though it be a different principle from religion, is that which produces the same effects. The lines of action, though drawn from different parts, terminate in the same point. Religion embraces virtue, as it is enjoined by the laws of God; honour, as it is graceful and ornamental to human nature. The religious man fears, the man of honour scorns to de an ill action. The latter considers vice as something that is beneath him, the other as something that is offensive to the Divine Be-fessedly of no honour, are of a more profligate ing. The one, as what is unbecoming; the other, as what is forbidden. Thus Seneca speaks in the natural and genuine language of a man of honour, when he declares, that were there no God to see or punish vice, he would not commit it, because it is of so mean, so base, and so vile a nature.

I shall conclude this head with the description of honour in the part of young Juba:

'Honour's a sacred tie, the law of kings,
The noble mind's distinguishing perfection,
That aids and strengthens virtne where it meets her,
And imitates her actions where she is not.
It ought not to be sported with.-

Cato.

In the third place, we are to consider those persons, who treat this principle as chimerical, and turn it into ridicule. Men who are pro

and abandoned nature than even those who are actuated by false notions of it, as there is more hopes of a heretic than of an atheist. These sons of infamy consider honour with old Syphax, in the play before-mentioned, as a fine imaginary notion that leads astray young unexperienced men, and draws them into real mischiefs, while they are engaged in the pursuits of a shadow. These are generally persons who, in Shakspeare's phrase, are worn and hackneyed in the ways of men;' whose imaginations are grown callous, and have lost all those delicate sentiments which are natural to

minds that are innocent and undepraved. Such old battered miscreants ridicule every thing as romantic that comes in competition with their present interest, and treat those persons as visionaries, who dare stand up in a corrupt age for what has not its immediate reward joined to it. The talents, interest, or experience of such men, make them very often useful in all parties, and at all times. But whatever wealth and dignities they may arrive at, they ought to consider, that every one stands as a blot in the annals of his country who arrives at the temple of honour by any other way than through that of virtue.

No. 162.] Wednesday, September 16, 1713.

Proprium hoc esse prudentiæ, conciliare sibi animos hominum, et ad usus suos adjungere. Cicero.

The art of prudence lies in gaining the esteem of the world, and turning it to a man's own advantage.

I would advise every man of learning, who
would not appear in the world a mere scholar
or philosopher, to make himself master of the
social virtue which I have here mentioned.

Complaisance renders a superior amiable,
an equal agreeable, and an inferior acceptable.
It smooths distinction, sweetens conversation,
and makes every one in the company pleased
with himself. It produces good nature and
mutual benevolence, encourages the timorous,
sooths the turbulent, humanizes the fierce, and
distinguishes a society of civilized persons from
a confusion of savages. In a word, complaisance
is a virtue that blends all orders of men to-
gether in a friendly intercourse of words and
actions, and is suited to that equality in human
nature which every one ought to consider, so
far as is consistent with the order and economy
of the world.

If we could look into the secret anguish and
affliction of every man's heart, we should often
find that more of it arises from little imaginary
distresses, such as checks, frowns, contradic-
tions, expressions of contempt, and (what
Shakspeare reckons among other evils under
the sun)

The prond man's contumely,
The insolence of office, and the spurus

I was the other day in company at my lady Lizard's, when there came in among us their cousin Tom, who is one of those country squires that set up for plain honest gentlemen who speak their minds. Tom is in short a lively impudent clown, and has wit enough to have That patient merit of the unworthy takes,' made him a pleasant companion, had it been than from the more real pains and calamities polished and rectified by good manners. Tom of life. The only method to remove these had not been a quarter of an hour with us imaginary distresses as much as possible out before he set every one in the company a of human life, would be the universal practice blushing, by some blunt question, or unlucky of such an ingenuous complaisance as I have observation. He asked the Sparkler if her wit❘ been here describing, which, as it is a virtue, had yet got her a husband; and told her eldest may be defined to be, a constant endeavour sister she looked a little wan under the eyes, to please those whom we converse with, so far and that it was time for her to look about her, as we may do it innocently.' I shall here add, if she did not design to lead apes in the other that I know nothing so effectual to raise a world. The good lady Lizard, who suffers man's fortune as complaisance; which recom. more than her daughters on such an occasion, mends more to the favour of the great, than desired her cousin Thomas with a smile, not wit, knowledge, or any other talent whatsoever. to be so severe on his relations; to which the I find this consideration very prettily illustrated booby replied, with a rude country laugh,' If by a little wild Arabian tale, which I shall I be not mistaken, aunt, you were a mother at here abridge, for the sake of my reader, after fifteen, and why do you expect that your having again warned him, that I do not recomdaughters should be maids till five-and-twenty!'mend to him such an impertinent or vicious I endeavoured to divert the discourse; when complaisance as is not consistent with honour without taking notice of what I said, Mr. and integrity. Ironside,' says he, you fill my cousins' heads with your fine notions, as you call them; can you teach them to make a pudding?' I must confess he put me out of countenance with his rustic raillery, so that I made some excuse, and left the room.

This fellow's behaviour made me reflect on the usefulness of complaisance, to make all conversation agreeable. This, though in itself it be scarce reckoned in the number of moral virtues, is that which gives a lustre to every talent a man can be possessed of. It was Plato's advice to an unpolished writer, that he should sacrifice to the Graces. In the same manner

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Schacabac being reduced to great poverty, and having eat nothing for two days together, made a visit to a noble barmecide in Persia, who was very hospitable, but withal a great humorist. The barmecide was sitting at his table that seemed ready covered for an enter tainment. Upon hearing Schacabac's complaint, he desired him to sit down and fall on. He then gave him an empty plate, and asked him how he liked his rice soup. Schacabae, who was a man of wit, and resolved to comply with the barmecide in all bis humours, told him it was admirable, and at the same time, in imitation of the other, lifted up the empty

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spoon to his mouth with great pleasure. The
barmecide then asked him if he ever saw whiter
bread? Schacabac, who saw neither bread nor
meat, if I did not like it, you may be sure,"
says he, "I should not eat so heartily of it."

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reality with those very things which he had before been entertained with in imagination.'

"You oblige me mightily," replied the bar- No. 163.] Thursday, September 17, 1713.

16

mecide, pray let me help you to this leg of a
goose." Schacabac reached out his plate, and
received nothing on it with great cheerfulness.

As he was eating very heartily on this ima-
ginary goose, and crying up the sauce to the
skies, the barmecide desired him to keep a
corner of his stomach for a roasted lamb fed
with pistachio nuts, and after having called for
it, as though it had really been served up,
66 here is a dish," says he, "that you will see
at nobody's table but my own." Schacabac
was wonderfully delighted with the taste of it,
which is like nothing," says he, "I ever eat
before." Several other nice dishes were served

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up in idea, which both of them commended,
and feasted on after the same manner. This
was followed by an invisible dessert, no part of
which delighted Schacabac so much as a cer-
tain lozenge, which the barmecide told him
was a sweet-meat of his own invention. Scha-
cabac at length being courteously reproached
by the barmecide, that he had no stomach,
and that be eat nothing, and at the same time
being tired with moving his jaws up and down
to no purpose, desired to be excused, for that
really he was so full he could not eat a bit
more. Come then," says the barmecide,
66 the cloth shall be removed, and you shall
taste of my wines, which I may say, without
vanity, are the best in Persia." He then filled
both their glasses out of an empty decanter.
Schacabac would have excused himself from
drinking so much at onee, because he said he
was a little quarrelsome in his liquor; however,
being prest to it, he pretended to take it off,
having beforehand praised the colour, and af-
terwards the flavour. Being plied with two
or three other imaginary bumpers of different
wines, equally delicious, and a little vexed with
this fantastic treat, he pretended to grow flus-
tered, and gave the barmecide a good box on
the ear, but immediately recovering himself,
Sir," says he, "I beg ten thousand pardons,
but I told you before, that it was my misfortune
to be quarrelsome in my drink." The bar-
mecide could not but smile at the humour of
his guest, and, instead of being angry at him,
66 I find," says he, "thou art a complaisant
fellow, and deservest to be entertained in my
house. Since thou canst accommodate thyself
to my humour, we will now eat together in
good earnest." Upon which, calling for his
supper, the rice soup, the goose, the pistachio
lamb, the several other nice dishes, with the
dessert, the lozenges, and all the variety of
Persian wines, were served up successively, one
after another and Schacabac was feasted in

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-miserum est alienâ vivere quadra

Juv. Sat. v. 2.

How wretched he, by cruel fortune crost,
Who never dines but at another's cost.

WHEN I am disposed to give myself a day's rest, I order the lion to be opened, and search into that magazine of intelligence for such letters as are to my purpose. The first I looked into comes to me from one who is chaplain to a great family. He treats himself in the beginning of it, after such a manner, as I am persuaded no man of sense would treat him. Even the lawyer and the physician to a man of quality, expect to be used like gentlemen, and much more may any one of so superior a profession. I am by no means for encouraging that dispute, whether the chaplain or the master of the house be the better man, and the more to be respected. The two learned authors, doctor Hickes and Mr. Collier, to whom I might add several others, are to be excused, if they have carried the point a little too high in favour of the chaplain, since in so corrupt an age as that we live in, the popular opinion runs so far into the other extreme. The only controversy, between the patron and the chaplain, ought to be, which should promote the good designs and interests of each other most, and for my own part, I think it is the happiest circumstance in a great estate or title, that it qualifies a man for choosing out of such a learned and valuable body of men as that of the English clergy, a friend, a spiritual guide, and a companion. The letter I have received from one of this order, is as follows:

MR. GUARDIAN,

'I hope you will not only indulge me in the liberty of two or three questions, but also in the solution of them.

I have had the honour many years of being chaplain to a noble family, and of being accounted the highest servant in the house, either out of respect to my cloth, or because I lie in the uppermost garret.

'Whilst my old lord lived, his table was always adorned with useful learning and innocent mirth, as well as covered with plenty. I was not looked upon as a piece of furniture fit only to sanctify and garnish a feast, but treated as a gentleman, and generally desired to fill up the conversation an hour after I had done my duty. But now my young lord is come to the estate, I find I am looked upon as a censor morum an obstacle to mirth and talk, and suffered to retire constantly with Prosperity to the church" in my mouth. I declare solemnly, sir,

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