wahrscheinlich übel; und wer jeden Gedanken, der ihm aufstosst, durch Feder und Presse versendet, hat sie in kurzer Zeit alle versandt, und wird bald ein blosser Diener der Druckerey, ein Buchstabensetzer werden."Biographia Literaria, iii. 314.

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Psychology and Political and Social
Philosophy.

9. PATRIOTISM AND COSMOPOLITISM.

THE objects of the patriot are, that his countrymen should, as far as circumstances permit, enjoy what the Creator designed for the enjoyment of animals endowed with reason; and of course that they should 5 have it in their power to develop those faculties which were given them to be developed. He would do

his best that every one of his countrymen should possess whatever all men may and should possess, and that a sufficient number should be enabled and 10 encouraged to acquire those excellences which, though not necessary or possible for all men, are yet to all men useful and honorable. He knows that patriotism itself is a necessary link in the golden chain of our affections and virtues, and turns away with indignant 15 scorn from the false philosophy or mistaken religion, which would persuade him that cosmopolitism is nobler than nationality, the human race a sublimer object of love than a people; and that Plato, Luther, Newton, and their equals, formed themselves neither in the 20 market nor the senate, but in the world, and for all men of all ages. True! But where, and among whom are these giant exceptions produced? In the wide empires of Asia, where millions of human beings ac

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knowledge no other bond but that of a common slavery, and are distinguished on the map but by a name which themselves perhaps never heard, or hearing abhor? No! in a circle defined by human affections, the first firm sod within which becomes sacred beneath the 5 quickened step of the returning citizen;-here, where the powers and interests of men spread without confusion through a common sphere, like the vibrations propagated in the air by a single voice, distinct yet coherent, and all uniting to express one thought and 10 the same feeling;-here, where even the common soldier dares force a passage for his comrades by gathering up the bayonets of the enemy into his own breast, because his country expected every man to do his duty, and this not after he has been hardened by habit, but, 15 as probably in his first battle; not reckless or hopeless, but braving death from a keener sensibility to those blessings which make life dear, to those qualities which render himself worthy to enjoy them;-here, where the royal crown is loved and worshiped as a glory around 20 the sainted head of freedom;-where the rustic at his plow whistles with equal enthusiasm, "God save the King," and "Britons never shall be slaves, or, perhaps leaves one thistle unweeded in his garden, because it is the symbol of his dear native land;— 25 here, from within this circle defined, as light by shade, or rather as light within light, by its intensity,―here alone, and only within these magic circles, rise up the awful spirits, whose words are oracles for mankind, whose love embraces all countries, and whose voice 30 sounds through all ages! Here, and here only, may we confidently expect those mighty minds to be reared

and ripened, whose names are naturalized in foreign lands, the sure fellow-travelers of civilization, and yet render their own country dearer and more proudly dear to their own countrymen. This is indeed cosmop5 olitism, at once the nursling and the nurse of patriotic affection. This, and this alone, is genuine philanthropy which, like the olive tree, sacred to concord and to wisdom, fattens, not exhausts the soil from which it sprang and in which it remains rooted. It Io is feebleness only which cannot be generous without injustice, or just without ceasing to be generous. Is the morning star less brilliant, or does a ray less fall on the golden fruitage of the earth, because the moons of Saturn too feed their lamps from the same sun? 15 Even Germany,-though cursed with a base and hateful brood of nobles and princelings, cowardly and ravenous jackals to the very flocks intrusted to them as to shepherds, who hunt for the tiger and whine and wag their tails for his bloody offal-even Germany, the ever20 changing boundaries of which superannuate the last year's map, and are altered as easily as the hurdles of a temporary sheep-fold, is still remembered with filial love and a patriot's pride, when the thoughtful German hears the names of Luther and Leibnitz. Ah! why, 25 he sighs, why for herself in vain should my country have produced such a host of immortal minds! Yea, even the poor enslaved, degraded, and barbarized Greek can still point to the harbor of Tenedos, and say,— "There lay our fleet when we were besieging Troy."

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Reflect a moment on the past history of this wonderful people. What were they while they remained free and independent,-when Greece resembled a collection

of mirrors set in a single frame, each having its own focus of patriotism, yet all capable, as at Marathon and Platea, of converging to one point and of consuming a common foe? What were they then? The fountains of light and civilization, of truth and of 5 beauty, to all mankind. They were the thinking head, the beating heart of the whole world. They lost their independence and with their independence their patriotism-and became the cosmopolites of antiquity. It has been truly observed by the author of the work 10 for which Palm was murdered, that, after the first act of severity, the Romans treated the Greeks not only more mildly than their other slaves and dependents, but behaved to them even affectionately and with munificence. The victor nation felt reverentially the 15. presence of the visible and invisible deities that gave sanctity to every grove, every fountain, and every forum. "Think," (writes Pliny to one of his friends) "that you are sent into the province of Achaia, that true and genuine Greece, where civilization, letters, even 20 corn, are believed to have been discovered; that you are sent to administer the affairs of free states, that is, to men eminently free, who have retained their natural right by valor, by services, by friendship, lastly by treaty and by religion. Revere the gods their founders, the 25 sacred influences represented in those gods; revere their ancient glory and this very old age which in man is venerable, in cities sacred. Cherish in thyself a reverence of antiquity, a reverence for their great exploits, a reverence even for their fables. Detract 30 nothing from the liberty, or the dignity, or even the pretensions of any state; keep before thine eyes that