THE two friends, seeing the mendicant fly away thus, were filled with joy, and, joining their hands in adoration, they bowed down and worshipped; and as they worshipped they prayed that they might always be privileged to be born within sound of the true doctrine, and thus escape the evil ways of birth; whilst one in particular prayed that he might be born as a Brahman, and gain perfect knowledge of the four Vedas and the six treatises on the mechanical arts.

So it came to pass after their deaths that one was born in Benares as a Kshatriya, of the royal race, and his name was Brahmadatta; the other was born as a Brahman, and his name was Upakamanava, so skilful in learning that he was able to explain all the Shasters with ease. Now this Upakamanava had a wife, whose name was Manavika, very fair to behold, and of incomparable grace, and in her love the whole of Upakamanava's happiness consisted. Now it so happened, for some reason or other, that Manavika withdrew herself from the company of her husband, and lived altogether apart, very much to his grief and distress. At length, after the four months of extreme summer heat had passed, the wife said to her spouse, "Go now, my dear, to the market, and buy me perfumes and flowers, for I wish to enjoy the pleasures (five pleasures) of life again, and be as I was before." Upaka hearing this, was overjoyed and beside himself for delight. "What in the world," he said, "has made my wife alter her mind and become good-tempered again?" Whereupon, taking out a gold piece he had hidden, he went forth at noon-day to buy the necessary articles for his wife's adornment. Now the sun at this time was scorching hot and the earth dried up like a sheet of red copper (as red as a cock's feather); nevertheless, as Upaka went along from his house to the village, so overjoyed was he that he did nought but sing and shout for very delight.

At this time, Brahmadatta Râja was reposing in the balcony of his palace, sleeping through the heat of the day, when suddenly in his slumbers he thought he heard the sound of some one shouting out the words of a love song. Having listened and heard the

sounds, the king himself began to entertain similar thoughts; and

so the Gâtha says

"Whether from one's own foolish thoughts,

Or from thoughts raised up by others,

From either cause the pollution of love arises,
As mysteriously as the lily appears on the water."

Meantime, Brahmadatta, having listened to the burthen of the love ditty, suddenly roused himself and said, "Who can this fellow be that in the broiling sun at noontime goes along singing his lovesong?" Having thought thus, he looked through his window, and there he saw Upaka strolling along on the parched and reddened ground, carelessly trolling his lay as he went. Then the king, calling to his attendant minister, commanded him to bring in the fellow to his presence, on which the minister went out and cried after him, "Young man! (Mânava) come hither! come hither! the king wants you." Then Upaka's heart began to fail him and the hairs of his body to stand on end through fear, and he thought thus: "What crime have I committed that the king orders me to his presence ?" But the minister meantime conducted him into the palace and brought him to the king. Now, as soon as ever Brahmadatta saw him, a sort of affection sprung up in his heart for him, and he addressed him in the following Gâthas:

"How is it you are not irritated with the heat,

Instead of singing your songs and being so light-hearted
At this time of day, when the sun pours its rays

On the earth, parched as red as the plumes of the cock?
How is it," etc. [repeated.]

To which Upaka replied in the following Gâthas:

"Mahârâja! at present no heat would irritate me; What care I if I be roasted by the sun.

It is only when a man has had bad luck

That he gets angry at such trifling matters as these.
Though the rays of the sun were as hot again,

This would give me the least of trouble just now.

It is only when a man is vexed about all sorts of things

That he is irritable and weighed down by care.”

Then the king addressed Upaka, and said, “Manava! and pray

what were your thoughts just now as you went along in the heat singing your ditty ?" Then Upaka explained to the king all about his private matters at home. Then Brahmadatta addressed him thus : "Manava! I pray you don't leave me, but stop here with me, and I will give you two golden pieces." Upaka, having received these two golden pieces, still hankered after his home, and so addressed the king and said, "Maharaja ! I will venture to ask you for one more piece, and then the three you have given me, with the one I already possess, will make four, and these will buy abundant luxuries for my wife at this time of her returning affection." The king having heard this, said, “ Pray don't go; I will give you eight pieces." Mânava having received these, still begged one more [and so on to one hundred and twenty pieces]. The king then offered him the government of a village, a town, a district, and at last consented to give him half his kingdom. Then Upaka, remaining in the palace with Brahmadatta, thought thus with himself: "Why should I not possess the whole kingdom? I have only to slay the king as he sleeps, and all will be mine." On this he took a sword in his hand, and proceeded to the side of the sleeping monarch, and was about to put his plan in execution, when the thought of such ingratitude suddenly stopped him, and, raising a shout, he woke the king, who inquired the reason of his making such a noise. Having told him the truth, the king at first refused to believe him, but afterwards, on Upaka's repeated asseveration that it was so, was constrained to credit it; but yet, owing to his extreme affection for him, freely forgave him. On this Upaka, seeing to what a pass his covetousness had nearly brought him, resolved to become a recluse and to leave his home.

Upaka having joined himself to the company of a famous Rishi of Benares, soon acquired supernatural powers (and was able to touch the sun and moon with his finger). On hearing this, Brahmadatta, highly gratified, recited a Gâtha in the presence of his chamberlain, to the effect that Upaka by his previous merit had obtained this great eminence as a Rishi.

At this time, Brahmadatta had a barber, called Gangapala, who managed to shave his Majesty's head whilst he was asleep, without waking him; whereupon the king, in gratitude and admiration, presented him with a village to rule over (i. e., made him a magistrate). But finally, Gangapala followed Upaka's example, and became a Rishi. In consequence of this, Brahmadatta and five hundred of his chief ministers proceeding to the place where these Rishis dwelt, paid them worship.

"At that time," added Buddha, "I was Upaka; Upali was Gangapala, and Suddhôdana Râja was Brahmadatta; whilst his five hundred chief ministers were these five hundred Sâkya Princes, who have now become my disciples."

Buddha having declared that Upali was the chief of his followers in the exercise of moral discipline, proceeded further, in reply to the questions of the Bhikshus, to relate the following particulars respecting Upali's previous history.

There was once in days gone by a barber living in this city (Benares?) whose wife bore to him a son. Shortly afterwards the barber sickened and died. On this his mother took the child to the house of his paternal uncle, and gave him into the charge of the man and his wife, desiring that he should be brought up to his father's trade. Now his uncle was barber to the royal household, and constantly went to the palace, where he was detained more or less all the day, and had no time to attend to any other business. It came to pass, shortly after the child had grown up to boyhood, that a certain Pratyeka Buddha came to the city, and begged the hairdresser, the boy's uncle, to shave his hair and face. The barber, being in a hurry, put the holy man off till the next morning. Again the Pratyeka Buddha came on the following morning and requested to be shaved. Once more the barber put him off till noontide and the evening. So matters continued for several days. At last the youth, the barber's nephew, seeing the holy man constantly coming to his uncle's house and going away again, in

quired the reason, and, finding out the state of the case, himself volunteered to shave the head of the saint. On this the latter consented, assuring him it should be for his great benefit. After it was over the Pratyeka Buddha, by the exercise of his spiritual faculties, mounted into the air and flew away gracefully as the King of the Hansas. Then the youth, seeing this miracle, closing both his hands, bowed his head in adoration, and prayed that hereafter he might meet with this Pratyeka Buddha, and be taught by him, and that he might ever be saved from the evil ways of birth, and remain in the condition of a man fit to profit by the instruction of Holy Teachers.

"Now, it so happened that at this very time the Râja was in his council chamber, surrounded by his ministers, occupied with state business (counting out his money), when suddenly one of them saw this newly shaved Pratyeka Buddha flying away through the air. On this, they cried out to the king, 'See yonder, oh Râja! goes a holy man fresh-shaved flying through space.' The king, looking up and seeing the sight, was rejoiced to think of the good fortune that should accrue to the neighbourhood from such a circumstance, and quickly asked who had been the fortunate man that had shaved the saint. On this his family barber came forward and said, 'Who but I, your majesty, should have done the matter?'

"The youth hearing that his uncle had boasted thus, boldly came forward into the king's presence and denounced it as a falsehood, and declared that he had been the barber on the occasion. On this the king laughed at him, and said, 'You! how could you have shaved him? Where is your razor and where your appliances ?' On this the youth brought forth his instruments, and some of the hair of the Pratyeka Buddha, and repeated, 'I shaved the holy man, and no one else.' The king, at length convinced, addressed his household barber and said, 'Wretched man! how dare you utter such a lie in my very presence? Be gone for ever from my palace and my kingdom.' So he banished the uncle and adopted the youth as the royal barber and nail-cutter.

"And so it came to pass that this youth lived and died, and after death continued to be born either as a Deva or man until he was again born in Benares in a barber's family, a beautiful youth, and as he grew up, well acquainted with all the accomplishments and arts.