These include nearly every generic particle which the Chinese have in use. Respecting them it may be observed, that they in general precede the substantive with which they are united. They do not however apply to all the substantives in the language; the great body of substantives employed to describe mental objects, being scarcely affected by them.

II. Compounds designating Rank, Profession, &c.—Beside these prefixed to substantives, certain characters are occasionally added to substantives to form words descriptive of rank, profession, calling in life, &c. such are yin, a man; tsé, a son; foo, man, husband, lord; shyếu, the hand; Etsyàng,la mechanic; I koong, art, &c. Among these,

Yin, man;' is thus added to many substantives. In treating of the Gender, Lin-yin, a store-keeper; Phoo-yin, a cook or victualer, and Tsyang-yin, a carpenter, have been already quoted from Mung. To these may be added, Chyeu-yin, a boat or ship-man; musician;

Ling-yin, a

Phoŏh-yin, a domestic, a slave; with many others.

It

Thyen tse, the

2. Tsé literally a son,' is also added to certain substantives. seems applied nearly in its literal meaning in

See pp. 202, 203,

Son of Heaven,' the Emperor; in Ewang-tsé, royal offspring,' a term applied to the princes of the imperial family; in FA koong-tsé, applied to the sons of ministers of the first rank; and possibly inkyoon-tsé, (from kyoon, a sovereign,' and tsé, 'a son,') the term by which Confucius so often describes a virtuous man. But this does not seem precisely the case infoo-tsé, which composes so important a part of the Chinese sage's name; to whom however it is not confined, as it is often applied to Mung, and indeed to his commentator, Chyu. This character also forms other comtsai-tsé denotes a man of talent;

pounds: learning;

se-tsé, a man of

teě-tsé, a disciple, and also a younger son; mun-tsé, Nor is it restricted to men, it is applied in many mchoh-tsé, a table;' 7 tao-tsé, a

a door-keeper, &c.

stances to things inanimate; as knife;'fang-tsé, 'a house;'

others.

kwó-tsé, 'a fruit;'* with many

tà, great, forms ★ tà-foo, It is also applied to the common noong, husbandry, it forms noongwater,' it forms shoói-foo, a water

3. Foo,man, lord, &c. united with the common appellative for a mandarine. occupations of life: thus, united with foo, a husbandman; with shoói, carrier; with má, 'a horse,' ma-foo, a groom, &c.

4. Tsyàng, artificer, maker,' added to mooh, wood, forms moohtsyàng, 'a carpenter;' added to thyeh, iron, it forms t'hyeh-tsyàng, 'an iron-worker, or a blacksmith;' and with hyai, shoes, it forms hyaitsyùng, a shoe-maker,' &c.

* Those conversant with Hebrew will realize in this application of tse, something similar to that of, a son, in that language. M m m

Several other characters might be mentioned which are applied in the same way, but perhaps to a less extent. Such are shyću, the hand, which, added to shoo, writing,' forms shoo-shyéu, a writer; to shooi, 'water,' shooi-shyću, a sailor; and to khwai, speedy, khwai-shyéu, a public officer.The character Ţ ting, strong, firm, added to ping, military, forms ping-ting, a soldier; to chyàng, firm, strong, chyàng-ting, a guard or watch-man; top'hao, a place for cooking, it forms p'hao-ting a victualler; to ts`hin, 'to look around,' tsʼhin-ting, an overseer; and to kya, a house, kya-ting, a domestic. Koong, I art, also, united with mooh, wood, forms mooh-koong one working in wood, a carpenter;' with hwah, 'painting,' it forms hwah-koong, a painter; and with yu, fishing or angling,' yu-koong, a fisherman. It would be tedious to particularize every character thus applied; but it may not be improper to mention ts'hin, 'relation, consanguinity,' &c. which is added not only to parents, as foo-tshin, father, and móo-ts' hin, mother; but to others also; thus, added towai, without, it forms wai-ts' hin, outward or distant relatives; and to hyang, a town, hyang-ts' hin, a townsman, &c.

III. Another kind of compound consists of those formed by a repetition of the same character, of which one or two instances have been already given in treating of the adverbs. The character wy, high', lofty, is

thus reduplicated by Confucius in commending Yao's government:

In this sentence, the repetition of wy, the last character to the right, evidently augments the force of the adjective; which seems in general to be the object of this compound.

In some instances, however, a character thus reduplicated, expresses an idea somewhat different from the meaning it has when used alone. Confucius reduplicating, khoong, true, firm, solid, forms therewith an adjec tive signifying dull, stupid,' in the following sentence:

In this sentence, as sincerity is supposed to be absent, the compound character is evidently intended to denote the dulness of stupidity, instead of the firmness connected with truth. Another instance occurs in Chung-tse's exhortation to his disciples on his death-bed, relative to the care they ought to exercise over both their minds and their bodies, from regard to their

parents. It is the following quotation from the Shee-king:

The Shee says, "(Walk) with the greatest fear, with the utmost care, as though

swimming in deep waters, as though treading on thin ice."

Lun-yu, vol. i.