The Farmers' Instructor: Consisting of Essays, Practical Directions, and Hints for the Management of the Farm and the Garden. Originally Published in the Cultivator; Selected and Revised for the School District Library, Том 1Harper & brothers, 1847 |
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Страница 31
... substances . It is this mixture of organic bodies , in a decom- posed or decomposing state , with the mineral mat- ter of the upper stratum , which distinguishes this stratum from the subjacent mass of earth or rock , to which the term ...
... substances . It is this mixture of organic bodies , in a decom- posed or decomposing state , with the mineral mat- ter of the upper stratum , which distinguishes this stratum from the subjacent mass of earth or rock , to which the term ...
Страница 32
... substance are termed peaty . The peaty soils are the lighter class , and are distinguished from all others by pe- culiar characters . Soils , then , may be distinguished from each other , 1st , According to their texture ; in which case ...
... substance are termed peaty . The peaty soils are the lighter class , and are distinguished from all others by pe- culiar characters . Soils , then , may be distinguished from each other , 1st , According to their texture ; in which case ...
Страница 34
... substances of which the subsoil is formed . If the subsoil be rocky , it is desirable that it be calcareous rather than silicious ; chalk or limestone , for example , rather than quartz . Sometimes the subsoil contains matter which is ...
... substances of which the subsoil is formed . If the subsoil be rocky , it is desirable that it be calcareous rather than silicious ; chalk or limestone , for example , rather than quartz . Sometimes the subsoil contains matter which is ...
Страница 37
... substances . The cultivated sands part readily with their moisture on the application of heat . They do not become hard like the clays , and , making no con- siderable resistance to external pressure , they are tilled with little labour ...
... substances . The cultivated sands part readily with their moisture on the application of heat . They do not become hard like the clays , and , making no con- siderable resistance to external pressure , they are tilled with little labour ...
Страница 43
... substances , pass into the earthy soils by imperceptible gradations . We may say , therefore , that the great part of soil consists of an intermediate class , and that it is often difficult to bring them under any division derived from ...
... substances , pass into the earthy soils by imperceptible gradations . We may say , therefore , that the great part of soil consists of an intermediate class , and that it is often difficult to bring them under any division derived from ...
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absorbed acid acre afford agriculture alumina animal and vegetable applied atmosphere bushels calcareous earth carbonate of lime carbonic acid cent chymical clay comminution contain corn covered crop cultivated culture decomposed decomposition degree depth drain drills dung effect exhausted experiments farm farmer feet fermentation fertility field furrow-slices grain grass gravel ground growth gypsum harrow heaps hills hoeing husbandry improve inches increase kind labour laid land less lime loam lucerne manner marl means ment mineral mixed mode moisture nature nourishment nure open furrows operation peat plants plough potatoes pounds practice principles produce properties proportion pulverization putrescent manures quantity quicklime rendered ridges river Parret rocks roots rows sand season seed silica slice soil sown species spring stalks stratum subsoil substances sufficient surface termed texture tillage tion tivator trench turnip vegetable matter weeds wheat whole yards
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Страница 60 - The power of the soil to absorb water by cohesive attraction, depends in great measure upon the state of division of its parts; the more divided they are the greater is their absorbent power. The different constituent parts of soils likewise appear to act, even by cohesive attraction, with different degrees of .energy. Thus vegetable .substances seem to be more absorbent than animal substances ; animal substances more so than compounds of alumina and silica ; and compounds of alumina and silica more...
Страница 125 - ... quick, vigorous and bulky. Buckwheat is much used for this purpose. When this practice is adopted, the period when the plants may be ploughed down, is when they have come into flower, for then they contain the largest quantity of readily soluble matter, and have least exhausted the nourishing substances of the soil. In order that the growth be turned effectually under, it should be laid prostrate by running the roller over it, in the direction in which the plough is to follow. By the 20th of...
Страница 58 - ... both as affording them nourishment, and enabling them to fix themselves in such a manner as to obey those mechanical laws by which their radicles are kept below the surface, and their leaves exposed to the free atmosphere.
Страница 61 - ... clay, and carbonate of lime, with some animal or vegetable matter ; and which are so loose and light as to be freely permeable to the atmosphere. With respect to this quality, carbonate of lime and animal and vegetable matter are of great use in soils ; they give absorbent power to the soil without giving it likewise tenacity: sand, which also destroys tenacity, on the contrary, gives little absorbent power.
Страница 33 - Peat, it has been said, consists of vegetable matter which has undergone a peculiar change. Under a degree of temperature not sufficiently great to decompose the plants that have sprung up upon the surface, these plants accumulate ; and, aided by a certain degree of humidity, are converted into peat, which is either found in strata upon the surface of plains, or accumulated in great beds on the tops and acclivities of mountains, or in valleys, hollows, and ravines. Successive layers...
Страница 59 - Of these soils the last was by far the most, and the first the least, coherent in texture. In all cases the constituent parts of the soil which give tenacity and coherence are the finely divided matters ; and they possess the power of giving those qualities in the highest degree when they contain much alumina.
Страница 59 - A certain degree of friability or looseness of texture is also required in soils, in order that the operations of culture may be easily conducted; that moisture may have free access to the fibres of the roots, that heat may be readily conveyed to them, and that evaporation may proceed without obstruction.— These are commonly attained by the presence of sand.
Страница 59 - ... with carbonate of lime. Vegetable or animal matters, when finely divided, not only give coherence, but likewise softness and penetrability ; but neither they nor any other part of the soil must be in too great proportion ; and a soil is unproductive if it consist entirely of impalpable matters.
Страница 166 - The manner of planting is ordinarily in hills, from two and a half to six feet apart, according to the variety of corn, the strength of the soil, and the fancy of the cultivator. The usual distance in my neighbourhood is three feet. Some, however, plant in drills of one, two, and three rows, by which a greater crop is unquestionably obtained, though the expense of culture is somewhat increased. " The quantity of seed should be double, and may be quadruple of what is required to stand.
Страница 59 - ... two earths, in suitable proportions, would furnish every thing wanted to form the most perfect soil as to water and the operations of culture. In a soil so compounded, water will be presented to the roots by capillary attraction. It will be suspended in it, in the same manner as it is suspended in a sponge, not in a state of aggregation, hut minute division, so that every part may be said to be moist, but not wet.