to his men for the various ships in which they had served during the war. "The disgust of seamen to the navy," he said, “was all owing to the infernal plan of turning them over from ship to ship, so that men could not be attached to the officers, nor the officers care the least about the men." Yet he himself was so beloved by his men that his whole ship's company offered, if he could get a ship, to enter for her immediately. He was now, for the first time, presented at court. After going through this ceremony he dined with his friend Davison at Lincoln's Inn.1 As soon as he entered the chambers, he threw off what he called his ironbound coat, and, putting himself at ease in a dressing gown, passed the remainder of the day in talking over all that had befallen them since they parted on the shore of the river St. Lawrence.

CHAPTER II.

Nelson goes to France during the peace.- Reappointed to the Boreas, and stationed at the Leeward Islands.- His firm conduct concerning the American interlopers and the contractors.- Marries and returns to England. Is on the point of quitting the service in disgust.- Manner of life while unemployed.— Appointed to the Agamemnon on the breaking out of the war of the French Revolution.

"I

HAVE closed the war," said Nelson in one of his letters, without a fortune; but there is not a speck in my character. True honor, I hope, predominates in my mind far above riches." He did not apply for a ship, because he was not wealthy enough to live on board in the manner which was then become customary. Finding it, therefore, prudent to economize on his half pay during the peace, he went to France, in company with Captain Macnamara, of the navy, and took lodgings at St. Omer. The death of his favorite sister, Anne, who died in consequence of

1 One of the four inns of court in London, where law students and barristers have their chambers.

going out of the ballroom, at Bath, when heated with dancing, affected his father so much that it had nearly occasioned him to return in a few weeks. Time, however, and reason and religion, overcame this grief in the old man; and Nelson continued at St. Omer long enough to fall in love with the daughter of an English clergyman. This second attachment appears to have been less ardent than the first; for, upon weighing the evils of a straitened income to a married man, he thought it better to leave France, assigning to his friends something in his accounts as the cause. This prevented him from accepting an invitation from the Count de Deux Ponts to visit him at Paris, couched in the handsomest terms of acknowledgment for the treatment which he had received on board the Albemarle.

The self-constraint which Nelson exerted in subduing this attachment made him naturally desire to be at sea; and when, upon visiting Lord Howe at the Admiralty, he was asked if he wished to be employed, he made answer that he did. Accordingly, in March,1 he was appointed to the Boreas, 28 guns, going to the Leeward Islands, as a cruiser, on the peace establishment.2 Lady Hughes and her family went out with him to Admiral Sir Richard Hughes, who commanded on that station. His ship was full of young midshipmen, of whom there were not less than thirty on board; and happy were they whose lot it was to be placed with such a captain. If he perceived that a boy was afraid at first going aloft, he would say to him, in a friendly manner, “Well, sir, I am going a race to the masthead, and beg that I may meet you there." The poor little fellow instantly began to climb, and got up how he could,― Nelson never noticed in what manner, but, when they met in the top,3 spoke cheerfully to him, and would say how much any person was to be pitied who fancied that getting up was either dangerous or difficult. Every day he went into the schoolroom, to see that they were

1 1784.

2 "Peace establishment," i.e., the amount of force kept during peace. 3 The platform surrounding the head of the lower mast.

pursuing their nautical studies; and at noon he was always the first on deck with his quadrant.1 Whenever he paid a visit of ceremony, some of these youths accompanied him; and when he went to dine with the governor at Barbadoes he took one of them in his hand and presented him, saying, "Your excellency must excuse me for bringing one of my midshipmen. I make it a rule to introduce them to all the good company I can, as they have few to look up to besides myself during the time they are at sea."

When Nelson arrived in the West Indies he found himself senior captain, and, consequently, second in command on that station. Satisfactory as this was, it soon involved him in a dispute with the admiral, which a man less zealous for the service might have avoided. He found the Latona in English Harbor, Antigua, with a broad pendant 2 hoisted; and upon inquiring the reason, was presented with a written order from Sir R. Hughes, requiring and directing him to obey the orders of Resident Commissioner Moutray during the time he might have occasion to remain there; the said resident commissioner being in consequence authorized to hoist a broad pendant on board any of his Majesty's ships in that port that he might think proper. Nelson was never at a loss how to act in any emergency. "I know of no superior officers," said he, "beside the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty and my seniors on the post list."3 Concluding, therefore, that it was not consistent with the service for a resident commissioner, who held only a civil situation, to hoist a broad pendant, the moment that he had anchored he sent an order to the captain of the Latona to strike it, and return it to the dockyard. He then went on shore the same day, dined with the commissioner, to show him that he was actuated by no other motive

1 An instrument for measuring the altitude of the sun, and so determining latitude and longitude.

2 A broad pendant, or pennant, indicated the presence of a senior captain or commodore.

3 "Post list," i.e., list of post, or full, captains. 4 Lower or take it in.

than a sense of duty, and gave him the first intelligence that his pendant had been struck. Sir Richard sent an account of this to the Admiralty; but the case could admit of no doubt, and Captain Nelson's conduct was approved.

He displayed the same promptitude on another occasion. While the Boreas, after the hurricane months were over, was riding at anchor in Nevis Road,1 a French frigate passed to leeward, close alongshore. Nelson had obtained information that this ship was sent from Martinique,2 with two general officers and some engineers on board, to make a survey of our sugar islands. This purpose he was determined to prevent them from executing, and therefore he gave orders to follow them. The next day he came up with them at anchor in the roads of St. Eustatia, and anchored at about two cables' lengths on the frigate's quarter. Being afterwards invited by the Dutch governor to meet the French officers at dinner, he seized that occasion of assuring the French captain that, understanding it was his intention to honor the British possessions with a visit, he had taken the earliest opportunity in his power to accompany him, in his Majesty's ship the Boreas, in order that such attention might be paid to the officers of his Most Christian Majesty3 as every Englishman in the islands would be proud to show. The French, with equal courtesy, protested against giving him this trouble, especially, they said, as they intended merely to cruise round the islands, without landing on any. But Nelson, with the utmost politeness, insisted upon paying them this compliment, followed them close in spite of all their attempts to elude his vigilance, and never lost sight of them; till, finding it impossible either to deceive or escape him, they gave up their treacherous purpose in despair and beat up for Martinique.

A business of more serious import soon engaged his attention. The Americans were at this time trading with our islands, taking advantage of the register of their ships, which had been issued

1 A roadstead near Nevis, a British West India island. 2 A French West India island.

3 A title of the King of France.

while they were British subjects. Nelson knew that, by the Navigation Act, no foreigners, directly or indirectly, are permitted to carry on any trade with these possessions; he knew, also, that the Americans had made themselves foreigners with regard to England; they had broken the ties of blood and language, and acquired the independence which they had been provoked to claim, unhappily for themselves, before they were fit for it;2 and he was resolved that they should derive no profit from those ties. Foreigners they had made themselves, and as foreigners they were to be treated. "If once," said he, "they are admitted to any kind of intercourse with our islands, the views of the loyalists,3 in settling at Nova Scotia, are entirely done away; and when we are again embroiled in a French war the Americans will first become the carriers of these colonies, and then have possession of them. Here they come, sell their cargoes for ready money, go to Martinique, buy molasses, and so round and round. The loyalist cannot do this, and, consequently, must sell a little dearer. The residents here are Americans by connection and by interest, and are inimical to Great Britain. They are as great rebels as ever were in America, had they the power to show it."

In November, when the squadron, having arrived at Barba

1 The Navigation Act is referred to 1672, the time of Charles II.; but it is based on an act of Cromwell's. Under it articles of commerce could not be introduced into any British port except in English ships manned by a crew of which three fourths were Englishmen. It was originally pointed at the Dutch.

2 Every true American will differ with Southey in this sentence. The Americans had not, and never have, broken ties of blood and language with England; the independence which they had been provoked to claim they acquired, happily for themselves, when they were fit for it. At the time Southey was writing the Life of Nelson he was undergoing a strong reaction from the ardent republicanism of his youth to the Tory principles of the latter part of his life.

3 American colonists who settled in 1783 in Nova Scotia, in order to retain the privileges of subjects of the English crown.

4 Supply ships for carrying to and from the colonies.