There is also a lesser cadis-worm, called a Cock-spur, being in fashion like the spur of a cock, sharp at one end; and the case, or house, in which this dwells, is made of small husks, and gravel, and slime, most curiously made of these, even so as to be wondered at, but not to be made by man, no more than a king-fisher's nest can, which is made of little fishes' bones, and have such a geometrical interweaving and connection as the like is not to be done by the art of man. This kind of cadis is a choice bait for any float-fish; it is much less than the piper-cadis, and to be so ordered; and these may be so preserved, ten, fifteen, or twenty days, or it may be longer.'

There is also another cadis, called by some a Strawworm, and by some a Ruff-coat,* whose house, see infra, or case, is made of little pieces of bents, and p. 209, Note. rushes, and straws, and water-weeds, and I know not what; which are so knit together with condensed slime, that they stick about her husk or case not unlike the bristles of a hedge-hog. These three cadises are commonly taken in the beginning of summer; and are good, indeed, to take any kind of fish, with float or otherwise. I might tell you of many more, which as these do early, so they have their time also of turning to be flies later in summer; but I might lose myself, and tire you, by such a discourse I shall therefore but remember you, that to know these, and their several kinds, and to what flies every particular cadis turns, and then how to use them, first as they be cadis, and after as they be flies, is an art, and an art that every one that professes to be an angler

(1) To preserve cadis, grasshoppers, caterpillars, oak-worms, or natural flies, the following is an excellent method: Cut a round bough of fine green-barked withy, about the thickness of one's arm; and, taking off the bark about a foot in length, turn both ends together, into the form of a hoop, and fasten them with a pack-needle and thread; then stop up the bottom with a bung-cork: and with a red-hot wire bore the bark full of holes; into this put your baits: tie it over with a colewort leaf; and lay it in the grass every night. In this manner cadis may be kept till they turn to flies. To grasshoppers you may put grass.

has not leisure to search after, and, if he had, is not capable of learning.'

I'll tell you, scholar; several countries have several kinds of cadises, that indeed differ as much as dogs do; that is to say, as much as a very cur and a greyhound do. These be usually bred in the very little rills, or ditches, that run into bigger rivers; and, I think, a more proper bait for those very rivers than any other. I know not how, or of what, this cadis receives life, or what

(1) "The several sorts of phryganea, or cadews, in their nympha or maggot state, thus house themselves; one sort in straws, called from thence strawworms; others, in two or more sticks laid parallel to one another, creeping at the bottom of brooks; others with a small bundle of pieces of rushes, duckweed, sticks, &c. glued together; wherewith they float on the top, and can row themselves therein about the waters with the help of their feet: both these are called cad-bait. Divers sorts there are, which the Reader may see a summary of from Mr. Willoughby, in Raii Method. Insect. p. 12, together with a good, though very brief, description of the papilionaceous fly that comes from the cadbait cadew. It is a notable architectonic faculty, which all the variety of these animals have, to gather such bodies as are fittest for their purpose, and then to glue them together; some to be heavier than water, that the animal may remain at bottom, where its food is; (for which purpose they use stones, together with sticks, rushes, &c.) and some to be lighter than water, to float on the top, and gather its food from thence. These little houses look coarse, and shew no great artifice outwardly; but are well tunnelled, and made within with a hard tough paste, into which the hind part of the maggot is so fixed, that it can draw its cell after it any where, without danger of leaving it behind; as also thrust out its body to reach what it wanteth, or withdraw it into its cell to guard it against harms." Phys. Theol. 234.

Thus much of cadis in general, as an illustration of what our author has said on that subject. But to be more particular:

That which Walton calls the piper-cadis I have never seen; but a very learned and ingenious friend of mine, who has for fifty years past been an angler, and a curious observer of aquatic productions, has furnished me with an Account of that insect; which I shall give the reader in nearly his own words:

"The piper-cadis I take to be the largest of the tribe, and that it takes its name not from any sound, but figure. I never met with it but in rivers running upon beds of lime-stone or large pebbles; they are common in Northern and Welch streams. The cadew itself is about an inch long, and in some above. The case is straight and rough; the outward surface covered with gravel or sand; the fistula, or pipe, in which it is contained, seems to be a small stick, of which the pith was quite decayed, before the insect, in its state immediately succeeding the egg, lodged itself. Advanced to an aurelia, which is generally in April, or the beginning of May, it leaves its case and last covering, a sort of thin skin resembling a fish's bladder, (and this is likewise the method of the whole genus, as far as I could ever observe,) and immediately paddles upon the top of the water with its many legs. It seldom flies, though it has four wings; and of these wings it is to be observed, that in the infant state of the insect, viz. for a week or longer, they are shorter than the body, but afterwards

coloured fly it turns to; but doubtless they are the death of many Trouts: and this is one killing way:

Take one, or more if need be, of these large yellow cadis: pull off his head, and with it pull out his black gut; put the body, as little bruised as is possible, on a very little hook, armed on with a red hair, which will shew like the cadis-head; and a very little thin lead, so put upon the shank of the hook that it may sink pre

they grow to be full as long or longer. This is usually called, by sportsmen, the stone-fly; in Wales they name it the water-cricket, the size and colour being like that insect."

As to the cock-spur, Bowlker expressly says, in his Art of Angling, p. 70, that it produces the May-fly, or yellow cadew; which I have ever understood to be the green-drake.

That which Walton calls the straw-worm, or ruff-coat, though, by the way, he certainly errs in making these terms synonymous, as will here-after be made to appear, and which is described in Ray's Methodus insectorum, p. 12. is, I take it, the most common of any, and is found in the river Colne, near Uxbridge; the New River, near London; the Wandle, which runs through Carshalton in Surrey; and in most other rivers. As to the straw-worm, I am assured, by my friend above-mentioned, that it produces many and various flies; namely, that which is called, about London, the withy.fly, ash-coloured duns of several shapes and dimensions, as also light and dark browns, all of them affording great diversion in Northern streams.

It now remains to speak of the ruff-coat, which seems to answer so nearly to the description which Walton has given of the cock-spur, viz. "that the case or house in which it dwells is made of small husks, and gravel and slime, most curiously;" that there is no accounting for his making the term synonymous with that of the straw-worm, which it does not in the least resemble: and yet, that the ruff coat and the cockspur produce different flies, notwithstanding their seeming resemblance, must be taken for granted, unless we will reject Bowlker's authority, when he says the cock-spur produces the May-fly or yellow cadew, which I own I see no reason to do.

But that I may not mislead the reader, I must inform him, that I take the ruff-coat to be a species of cadis inclosed in a husk about an inch long, surrounded by bits of stone, flints, bits of tile, &c. very near equal in their sizes, and most curiously compacted together, like mosaic.

In the month of May, 1759, I took one of the insects last above described, which had been found in the river Wandle, in Surrey, and put it into a small box with sand at the bottom; and wetted it five or six times a day, for five days; at the end whereof, to my great amazement, it produced a lovely large fly, nearly of the shape of, but less than a common white butterfly, with two pair of cloakwings, and of a light cinnamon colour. This fly, upon inquiry, I find is called, in the North, the large light brown; in Ireland, and some other places, it has the name of the flame-coloured brown. And the method of making it is given in the Additional List of Flies, under Sep- * Appendix, tember: where, from its smell, the reader will find it called the large fœtid light brown.

No. 2.

And there are many other kinds of these wonderful creatures; as may be seen in Mons. de Reaumur's Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes, Tome III. See also the APPENDIX, No. 1.

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sently. Throw this bait, thus ordered, which will look very yellow, into any great still hole where a Trout is, and he will presently venture his life for it, it is not to be doubted, if you be not espied; and that the bait first touch the water before the line. And this will do best in the deepest water.

Next, let me tell you, I have been much pleased to walk quietly by a brook, with a little stick in my hand, with which I might easily take these, and consider the curiosity of their composure: and if you shall ever like to do so, then note, that your stick must be a little hazel, or willow, cleft, or have a nick at one end of it, by which means you may, with ease, take many of them in that nick out of the water, before you have any occasion to use them. These, my honest scholar, are some observations, told to you as they now come suddenly into my memory, of which you may make some use: but for the practical part, it is that that makes an angler: it is diligence, and observation, and practice, and an ambition to be the best in the art, that must do it. I will tell you,

(1) The author has now done describing the several kinds of fish, excepting the few little ones that follow, with the methods of taking them; but has said little or nothing of Float-fishing: it may therefore not be amiss here to lay down some rules about it.

Let the rod be light and stiff, and withal so smart in the spring, as to strike at the tip of the whale-bone. From fourteen to fifteen feet is a good length. In places where you sometimes meet with Barbel, as at Shepperton and Hampton, in Middlesex, the fittest line is one of six or seven hairs at top, and so diminishing for two yards; let the rest be strong Indian grass, to within about half a yard of the hook, which may be whipped to a fine grass or silk-worm gut. And this line will kill a fish of six pounds weight.

But for mere Roach and Dace-fishing, accustom yourself to a single-hair line; with which an artist may kill a fish of a pound and a half weight.

For your float: In slow streams a neat round goose-quill is proper; but for deep or rapid rivers, or in an eddy, the cork, shaped like a pear, is indisputably the best, which should not in general exceed the size of a nutmeg; let not the quill which you put through it be more than half an inch above and below the cork; and this float, though some prefer a swan's quill, has great advantage over a bare quill; for the quill being defended from the water by the cork, does not soften; and the cork enables you to lead your line so heavily, as that the hook sinks almost as soon as you put into the water; whereas, when you lead but lightly, it does not go to the bottom till it is near the end of your swim. And in leading your lines, be careful to balance them so nicely, that a very

scholar, I once heard one say, "I envy not him that eats better meat than I do; nor him that is richer, or that wears better clothes than I do: I envy nobody but him, and him only, that catches more fish than I do." And such a man is like to prove an angler; and this noble emulation I wish to you, and all young anglers.

small touch will sink them: some use for this purpose lead shaped like a barleycorn; but there is nothing better to lead with than shot, which you must have ready cleft always with you; remembering that when you fish fine, it is better to have on your line a great number of small, than a few large, shot.

Whip the end of the quill round the plug with fine silk well waxed: this will keep the water out of your float, and preserve it greatly.

In fishing with a float, your line must be about a foot shorter than your rod; for if it is longer, you cannot so well command your hook when you come to disengage your fish.

Pearch and Chub are caught with a float, and also Gudgeons; and sometimes Barbel and Grayling.

For Carp and Tench, which are seldom caught but in ponds, use a very small goose or a duck-quill float: and for ground-bait throw in, every now and then, a bit of chewed bread.

For Barbel, the place should be baited the night before you fish, with graves, which are the sediment of melted tallow, and may be had at the tallow-chandler's. Use the same ground-bait, while you are fishing, as for Roach and Dace.

In fishing with a float for Chub, in warm weather, fish at midwater; in cool, lower; and in cold, at the ground.