As we perceive the fhadow to have moved along the dial, but did not perceive it moving; and it appears that the grafs has grown, though nobody ever saw it grow: fo the advances we make in knowledge, as they confift of fuch minute fteps, are only perceivable by the distance.

Each of these three fentences confifts of two principal correfpondent parts; the first commencing with as, and the last with fo: as the first member of the first sentence is fimple, it is marked with a comma only at dial-plate; as the second is compounded, it is marked with a femicolon at moving; and as the laft is decompounded, it is marked with a colon at grow: this punctuation is according to the general rules of paufing, and agreeable to good fenfe; for it is certainly proper that the time of the paufe fhould increafe with the increase and complexity of the members to which it is annexed, as more time is required to comprehend a large and complicated member than a fhort and fimple one: but whatever may be the time taken up in pausing at the different points, the inflexion annexed to them muft always be the fame; that is, the comma, femicolon, and colon, muft invariably have the rifing inflexion. See p. 67.

The fame may be obferved of the following fentences: See p. 34.

Although I fear it may be a fhame to be dismayed at the entrance of my difcourfe in defence of a moft valiant man; and that it no ways becomes me, while Milo is more concerned for the fafety of the state than for himself, not to fhow the fame greatnefs of mind in behalf of him; yet this new form of profecution terrifies my eyes, which, whatever way they turn, want the ancient cuftom of the forum, and the former manner of trials. Cicero's Oration for Milo.

Although fon Marcus, as you have now been a hearer of Cratippus for a year, and this at Athens, you ought to abound in the precepts and doctrines of philofophy, by reafon of the great character both of your inftructor and the city, one of which can furnish you with knowledge, and the other with examples; yet, as I always to my advantage joined the Latin tongue with the Greek, and I have done it not only in oratory, but likewife in philofophy; I think you ought to do the fame that you may be equally converfant in both languages. Cicero's Offices, book I. chap. i.

These fentences begin with the conceffive conjunction although, and have their correfpondent conjunction yet; and thefe conjunctions form the two principal conftructive members. The words him, and examples, therefore, at the end of the first members, must have the rifing inflexion, and here must be the long paufe.

Rule II. Every direct period, confifting of two principal conftructive parts, and having only the first part commence with a conjunction, requires the rifing inflexion and long paufe at the end of this part. See p. 35.

EXAMPLES.

As in my fpeculations I have endeavoured to extinguish paffion and préjudice, I am ftill defirous of doing fome good in this particular. Spectator.

Here the fentence divides itfelf into two correfpondent parts at prejudice; and as the word fo is understood before the words I am, they must be preceded by the long paufe and rifing inflexion.

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of juftice, as infolence does in the country and places of lefs refórt; Aulus Cæcina would fubmit as much to the impudence of Sextus Æbutius in this caufe, as he did before to his infolence when affaulted by him.

If I have any genius, which I am fenfible can be but very fmall; or any readiness in fpeaking, in which I do not deny but I have been much converfant; or any skill in oratory, from an acquaintance with the best arts to which I confefs I have been always inclined: no one has a better right to demand of me the fruit of all these things than this Aulus Licinius.

Cicero's Oration for Archias.

If, after furveying the whole earth at once, and the feveral planets that lie within its neighbourhood, we contemplate those wide fields of ether, that reach in height as far as from Saturn to the fixed stars, and run abroad, almost to an infinitude; our imagination finds its capacity filled with so immense a prospect, and puts itself upon the stretch to comprehend it.

Addifon's Spectator, N° 420.

In the first of these examples, the first part of the fentence ends at refort, and the fecond begins at Aulus Cecina: in the second sentence, the first part ends at inclined, and the fecond begins at no one; and in the third, the first part ends at infinitude, and the fecond begins at our: between these words, therefore, in each sentence, must be inferted the long pause and rifing inflexion.

All these sentences commence with a conjunction, and may be said to have a correfpondent conjunction commencing the fecond part of the fentence, not expreffed, but understood. In the first sentence commencing with if, then is understood at the beginning of the fecond part; the sense of this conjunctive adverb then may be plainly perceived to exift by inferting it in the fentence, and obferving its fuitablenefs when expreffed:

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of juftice, as infolence does in the country and places of less refórt, then Aulus Cæcina would fubmit as much to the impudence of Sextus Æbutius in this caufe, as he did before to his infolence when affaulted by him.

The fame infertion of the word then might be made in the two laft examples commencing with if, and the fame fuitablenefs would appear; for though correct and animated language tends to fupprefs as much as poffible the words that are fo implied in the fenfe as to make it unneceffary to exprefs them, yet if, when inserted, they are suitable to the sense, it is a proof that the ftructure of the fentence is perfectly the fame, whether these fuperfluous words are expreffed or not,

The exception to this rule is, when the emphatical word in the conditional part of the fentence is in direct oppofition to another word in the conclufion, and a conceffion is implied in the former, in order to ftrengthen the argument in the latter; for in this cafe the middle of the fentence has the falling, and the latter member the rifing inflexion.

EXAMPLES.

If we have no regard for religion in yoùth, we ought to have fome regard for it in age.

If we have no regard for our òwn character, we ought to have fome regard for the character of others.

In thefe examples, we find the words youth and own character, have the falling inflexion, and both periods end with the rifing inflexion; but if these fentences had been formed fo as to make the latter member a mere inference from, or confequence of the former, the general rule would have taken place, and the first emphatic word would have had the rifing, and the last the falling inflexion.

EXAMPLES.

If we have no regard for religion in youth, we have seldom any regard for it in àge.

If we have no regard for our own character, it can scarcely be expected that we should have any regard for the character of others.

Rule III. Direct periods which commence with participles of the present and past tense, confift of two parts; between which must be inferted the long paufe and rifing inflexion.

EXAMPLE.

Having already shown how the fancy is affected by the works of nature, and afterwards confidered in general both the works of nature and of art, how they mutually affift and complete each other, in forming fuch fcenes and profpects as are most apt to delight the mind of the beholder; I fhall in this paper throw together fome reflections on that particular art, which has a more immediate tendency than any other, to produce those primary pleafures of the imagination, which have hitherto been the fubject of this difcourfe. Spect. No 415.

The fenfe is fufpended in this fentence till the word beholder, and here is to be placed the long pause and rifing inflexion; in this place alfo, it is evident, the word now might be inferted in perfect conformity to the sense.

Exception.

When the laft word of the first part of these fentences requires the ftrong emphafis, the falling inflexion must be used inftead of the rifing.

EXAMPLE.

Hannibal being frequently deftitute of money and provifions, with no recruits of strength in cafe of ill fortune, and no encouragement even when fuccèfsful; it is not to be wondered at that his affairs began at length to decline.

Goldfmith's Rom. Hift. Vol. I. p. 278.

In this fentence, the phrafe even when fuccefsful, demands the strong emphafis, and muft