the phrafes, Chrift died for him, because he died for all-Many things are believed, though they exceed the capacity of our wits. Hooker.

In these phrafes, if we do but tranfpofe the noun and pronoun, and invert the order, the fentences will be perfectly the fame in fenfe, and the connection will be more apparent; as, Becaufe Chrift died for all, he died for him-Though many things exceed the capacity of our wits, they are believed.

Rule III. Every loose sentence must confift of a period, either direct or inverted, and an additional member which does not modify it; and, confequently, this fpecies of fentence requires a paufe between the principal conftructive parts of the period, and between the period and the additional member.

EXAMPLE.

Perfons of good tafte expect to be pleafed, at the fame time they are informed; and think that the best sense always deferves the beft language.

In this fentence an inverted period is conftructed at the word informed; which requires a paufe at pleafed, because here the former part of the fentence is modified by the latter; and a pause is required at informed, because here another member commences.-Let us take another example:

The foul, confidered abftractedly from its paffions, is of a remifs and fedentary nature; flow in its refolves, and languifhing in its executions. Spectator, N° 255.

Here a direct period is formed at nature; the principal conftructive parts of this period feparate at paffions; and here must be the larger paufe: the fucceeding members are only ad

ditional, and require a larger pause between them and the period they belong to, and a fmaller paufe between each other at refolves.

Having thus given an idea of the principal pause in a sentence, it will be neceffary to fay fomething of the fubordinate paufes, which may all be comprehended under what is called the fhort pause.

And, first, it may be observed, that by the long paufe, is not meant a paufe of any determinate length, but the longest pause in the fentence. Thus the paufe between the nominative and the verb in the following fentence: The great and invincible Alexander, wept for the fate of Darius.

The pause here, I fay, may be called the long pause, though not half fo long as the paufe between the two principal conftructive parts in the following fentence:

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of juftice, as infolence does in the country and places of lefs refort; Aulus Cæcina would fubmit as much to the impudence of Sextus Æbutius in this caufe, as he did before to his infolence when affaulted by him.

Here the pause between the words refort, and Aulus Cecina, may be called the long paufe, not fo much from its duration, as from its being the principal paufe in the fentence: the long paufe, therefore, must always be understood relatively to the fmaller paufes: and it may pafs for a good general rule, that the principal paufe is longer, or fhorter, according to the fimplicity or complexity of the fentence: thus, in the three following fentences, we find the two principal conftructive parts feparated by a pause

in exact proportion to the fimplicity or complexity of the members :

EXAMPLES.

As we cannot discern the shadow moving along the dial-plate, fo the advances we make in knowledge are only perceivable by the distance gone over.

As we perceive the fhadow to have moved, but did not perceive it moving; fo our advances in learning, confisting of infenfible steps, are only perceivable by the distance.

As we perceive the fhadow to have moved along the dial, but did not perceive it moving; and it appears, the grafs has grown, though nobody ever faw it grow: fo the advances we make in knowledge, as they confift of fuch minute steps, are only perceivable by the distance.

In the first fentence the two principal conftructive parts are separated by a comma at dialplate; in the fecond, by a semicolon at moving; and in the third, by a colon at grow: if, for the purposes of force, variety, or eafe, (each of which caufes will be fometimes fufficient reafon for a pause, where there is none in the fenfe)-if, for any of thefe purposes, I fay, it were neceffary to paufe in the first member of the first fentence, no words feem fo readily to admit a paufe between them as Shadow and moving, as here the object is diftinguished from the circumstance attending it; and if a pause were necessary in the last member, the two principal parts here seem to be the nominative phrase ending at knowledge, and the verb with its adjuncts beginning at are.. The fecond fentence feems to have all the paufes it will admit of; but the third might, for fome of the abovementioned reasons, have a pause at shadow, and, for reasons that will be given hereafter, ought always to have a paufe at grown and as the last member is interfected by an incidental member

between the nominative and the verb, it ought to have two fubordinate paufes, one at knowledge and the other at steps, before the final paufe at diftance.

Thus when the fentence is divided into its principal parts by the long pause, these parts, if complex, are again divifible into fubordinate parts by a fhort pause; and these, if neceffary, are again divifible into more fubordinate parts by a still shorter pause, till at last we arrive at those words which admit of no paufe; as the article and the fubftantive, the fubftantive and adjective in their natural order, or, if unattended by adjuncts, in any order; and the prepofitions and the words they govern. Thefe words may be confidered as principles, in their nature not divifible: if, without neceffity, we pause between other words, the pronunciation will be only languid and embarrassed; but between thefe, a pause is not only embarraffing, but unfuitable and repugnant to the fenfe.

The subordinate parts of fentences are easily diftinguished in fuch fentences as confift of parts corresponding to parts, as in the following example:

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of justice, as infolence does in the country and places of lefs refort; Aulus Cæcina would fubmit as much to the impudence of Sextus Æbutius in this cause, as he did before to his infolence when affaulted by him.

Here the whole fentence readily divides into two principal conftructive parts at refort; the first part as readily divides into two fubordinate parts at justice; and the laft, into two other fubordinate parts at caufe; and these are all the pauses necessary: but if, either from the neceffity

of drawing breath, or of more strongly enforcing every part of this fentence, we were to admit of more pauses than thofe, it cannot be denied, that for this purpose, fome places more readily admit of a pause than others: if, for inftance, the first fubordinate part were to admit of two pauses, they could no where be fo fuitably placed as at impudence and forum; if the next might be over-pointed in the fame manner, the points would be lefs unfuitable at does and country than at any other words; in the fame manner, a paufe might be more tolerable at Cecina and Ebutius, and at before and infolence, than in any other of the fubordinate parts of the latter divifion of this fentence.

The parts of loose sentences which admit of the short paufe, must be determined by the fame principles. If this fentence has been properly defined, it is a fentence confifting of a claufe containing perfect fenfe, followed by an additional claufe which does not modify it. Thus in the following example:

Foolish men are more apt to confider what they have loft, than what they poffefs; and to turn their eyes on those who are richer than themselves, rather than on those who are under greater difficulties.

Here a perfect fentence is formed at poffefs, and here must be the longest pause, as it intervenes between two parts nearly independent: the principal pause in the first member of this fentence, which may be called a fubordinate pause respecting the whole fentence, is at loft, and that of the last member at themselves; if, for the fake of precifion, other and fhorter pauses were admitted, it should feem moft fuitable to admit them at men and confider in the