to the progrefs of real learning. It cannot indeed be denied, that the bufinets itself of tranflating the moft approved Greek and Latin writers has affifted effentially in forming the style and talte of the perfons immediately engaged in it, nor do we entertain a doubt that the refult of their labours to the literary public has, upon the whole, been favourable. The author, cn comparing the number of fuch tranfl. tions in the German language, with thofe published in France, Italy, and England, confiders it as meritorious in his countrymen that they are not, in this refpect, at least, outdone by their neighbours. Ibid. ART. 86. Die Annalen der brittischen Gefchichte des Jahres 1792. Als eine Fortsetzung des Werks, England und Italien, ven J. W. von Archenholz. Neunter Band.-Annals of British History for the Year 1792, being a Continuation of the Work entitled England and Italy, by J.W. d'Archenholz. Vol. IX. 8vo. Hamburg, 1794.

We shall only obferve, that this periodical work ftill keeps itself in poffeffion of the public approbation, and that the literary, which is the principal part, is now executed by Mr. Efchenburg, with whofe eminent qualifications for fuch an undertaking many of our readers must be acquainted. We take this opportunity of mentioning the continuation of two other works, the characters of which are likewife fufficiently eftablished by the former volumes. These are

ART. 87. Jacobfon's Technologisches Wörterbuck, (Technological Dic tionary, by Jacobfon), printed at Berlin in 4to. of which the feventh livraison, beginning with the Letter 2. and ending with the Word Torfchoppen,has appeared; and

ART. 88. Bibliotheca Hiftorica A. J. G. Meufelio, published at Leipfic; the feventh vol. alfo, continuing the lift of, and critique on the writers of the History of France, and ending with the time of Charlemagne.

ART. 89. Ernefti Augufti Schulzii Theol. D. et Prof. quendam in Acad. Viadrena celeberr. Compendium Archeologia Hebraice, Liber I. Antiquitates politicas. Lib. II. Ecclefiafticas continens, cum figuris aeri incifis, edidit, emendavit, addenda adjecit Abr. Phil. Godofr. Schickedanz, Theol. D. et Prof. Gymnafii, quod Servefte floret, Anbalt in. Academic. rector. Drefden, 344 pp. in l. 8vo.

The unfinished MS. of this work, which the author who had dif tinguished himfelf by fome valuable differtations on Jewish antiquities, did not live to complete, came into the hands of the prefent editor, who undertook to arrange, correct, and make fuch additions to it as might be thought neceffary. The firft book on the political conftitu tion of the ancient Jews, treats of the land of Ifrael, with its feveral divifions, of Jerufalem, of the forms of government at the different periods of the ftate, of their courts of judicature, punishments, computations of time, weights and meafures, revenues, alliances, treaties, and, laftly, of their knowledge of the military art. In the fecond book the account of their religious antiquities is comprised in feventeen

venteen articles, in which, as indeed in the general plan of the work, the author has followed the well-known Compendium of ikenius, though in point of order, precifion of language, and a judicious felection of materials, he has greatly excelled that writer. For the Rabbins Mr. Schulz expreffes no particular refpect; and he has, therefore, more frequently availed himself of the authority of Jofephus. For the notes, which are for the most part extracted from the best modern writers on the fubject of Hebrew antiquities, we conceive that we are chiefly indebted to the editor, from whom we are likewise to expect the continuation of this ufeful work.

In a preface of twenty-fix pages the author treats of the advantages to be derived from the ftudy of Archæology in general, and of the different fources from which the knowledge of Hebrew antiquities, in particular, is drawn; to which is fubjoined a paragraph on the principles of the Mofaic laws, perhaps because there was no other part of the book where it could fo properly be admitted. The whole is accompanied with four copper-plates. Ibid.

ART. 90. Biographie Hrn. Joh. Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopfs.Life of I. G. I. Breitkopfs, Leipfic, 1794. 8vo.

In this entertaining life of an eminent German printer are found; among other equally interefting matters, an account of Mr. Breitkopf's attempts to apply the typographical art to mufical notes, to maps, the Chinese character, pictures, and mathematical figures. Of his tract, entitled an Effay on the Origin of Cards, we are foon to expect the fecond part, On the Art of Engraving in Wood; as alfo his Hiftory of Printing.

Ibid.

ART. 91.

SWITZERLAND.

de

Mémoires pour fervir à l'hiftoire de la vie et des ouvrages M. Charles Bonnet. Bern, 1794 128 pp. in 8vo. The ancestors of Bonnet left France in the year 1572, immediately after the night of St. Bartholomew. He was born at Geneva on the 13th of March, 1720. In his fixteenth year his attention was directed to the study of nature, by reading Pluche's Spectacle de la Nature. His father brought him up, entirely against his inclination, to the profeffion of the law. Natural history, however, continued to be his favourite occupation. So early as in the year 1738 he had communicated fome of his obfervations to Reaumur, who took an opportunity of publicly acknowledging his merit, and of presenting him with his works. He took the degree of LL. D. in 1743, and from that time quitted a courfe of life, on which he had entered fo unwillingly. His zeal for making obfervations had greatly impaired his health, and his eyes had fuffered fo much from the conftant ufe of the microfcope, that from the year 1745 it was with difficulty that he could read or write. But by a temporary ceffation from labour his health was, in fome degree, reftored, and he now applied to ftudies in which the microfcope was lefs neceffary. Gleditsch had at

Berlin brought up plants in mofs; Bonnet did the fame thing in fand, faw-duft, wool; planted a goofeberry-tree in a book, and obtained goofeberries. We mention this circumftance in Bonnet's life, as being fomething fingular, and not generally known; of his variegated labours in natural history, pfychology, religion, the reader will meet with a very full and entertaining account in the work here announced. Bonnet died on the 20th of May, 1793. Ibid.

SWEDEN.

ART. 92. Allgemeines Schwedifches Gelehrsamkeits Archiv unter Guftav des dritten Regierung. Sechfter Theil; von verschiedenen Gelehr ten in Schweden aufgearbeitet und heraufgegeben von Chriftoph Wilhelm Lüdeke D. der Gottefgel. Paft. Prim. der teutfch. Kirche za Stockholm und Affefs, des Stockholm. Confiftoriums.-General Archive of Sawedish Literature, under the Reign of Guftavus III, compiled from the Writings of different Authors, by C. W. Lüdeke, &c. Vol. VI. confifting of 18 fheets in 1. 8vo.

Among the more generally interefting articles of which this volume is compofed we may fpecify the following, viz. 3. Hiftoriola Litterature Grace in Suecia; a collection of differtations, the two first by Floderus, and the remaining twelve by Prof. Fant. The Archbishop Guftavns Trolle learnt the Greek language at Cologne in 1512. The Queen Christina likewife brought together near eight thoufand Greek books, or, at leaft, fuch as related to Greek literature. We have here alfo a lift of the profeffors of that language at Upfal, of the dif fertations on the fubject of Greek, literature, and on the N. T., together with a variety of biographical and literary notices refpecting, for inftance, Laur. Norman, the fourth vol. of Rudbeck's Atlantica, of which feven copies only were faved from the fire, and which, if perfect, ought to coufift of 2r4 pages, &c.; 4. Prof-Oefverfatning af den Heliga Skrift, Stockholm 184-93; Proof-Tranflation of the Holy Scripture, in 15 parts, which is now completed. An opus viginti annorum, within a few months. Of the firft perfons employed in it there are now living only Dr. Heffelgren, Bishop of Hernifand, Mr. Lefrén, Profeffor of Oriental Languages at Abo, Dr. Göthenius, and the Chev. Lilieftråle. Thofe concerned in it towards its conclufion were the Archbishop Dr. v. Troil, Dr. Domey, Prof. of Divinity at Upfal, Mr. Ting fadius, Profeffor of Oriental Languages at the fame place, and the abovementioned Mr. Lefrén. Guftavus III., the royal promoter of this great work, did not live to fee it finished. The fecond part of this volume contains a catalogue raisonné of the different fynodal and academical differtations. Among the moft remarkable of these are those by Murray, Aurivillius, Lindblom, Fant, Thunberg, Floderus, Melanderhjelm, Neichter, Boethius, Knōs, Hulthen, Mallet of Upfal, Portban, Gadd, Billmark, Lindquist, Planman of Abo, Weidmann, Wollen, Fremling of Lund, and Norberg, on medicine, chemistry, botany, natural history, oriental philology and lite

rature,

rature, history, mathematics, &c. In a differtation de quantitate et denfitate materiæ in fole et Planetis, the quantities of matter in the fun and the earth are reckoned to be as 1,000000 to 5166; and those of the maffes of the fun, Jupiter, and Saturn as 1,000000, 937 and 324; the denfity of the fun, Jupiter, Saturn, and the earth being nearly as 1000, 943, 650, and 3989. The third part confifts of critiques on the principal books in the different arts and fciences that have appeared in Sweden during the period mentioned in the title; and in the fourth are given accounts of the state of the several academies, and other learned focieties in that country. Of their literature we fhall, perhaps, not be difpofed to think very favourably, when we confider that it is not fufficient to fupport a Review. We have alfo here an account of a book in folio, printed in the Propaganda at Rome, in honour of Gustavus III., and containing copies of verfes in nearly fifty different languages, as the Ethiopic, Hindoftanic, Chaldee, Iberian, Epirotic, Malabaric, Sanferit, Perfic, Samaritan, Servian, Chinefe, Syriac, Tataric, Thibetanic, Tunquinefe, Turkish, Wallachian, &c. all in their proper characters.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

We have received a very learned and able letter from the author of Some Thoughts on the Manner of Spending the Paffion Week, in defence of his expreffion that our Saviour "fweated great drops of blood," to which we objected in our Review for last month, p. 425. He argues that popos aiμalos, grumi fanguinis, fhould properly be tranflated "coagulated clots of blood," and confequently that the fweat was not aqueous, as is ufual, but of a greater degree of confiftence; which he thinks will authorize his expreffion, though it should not abfolutely be infifted that real blood was. produced. He proves that fome of the most eminent divines in the early period of our church, Bishops Andrews, Beveridge, and Hall, confidered it as real blood; and he conceives that Whitby inclined to the fame. opinion, who cites Ariftotle and Diodorus Siculus to prove that fuch effects have been produced upon the human frame. Imagining that the chief force of our objection was founded on the particle w, he cites a paffage from P. Lamy's Commentary, tending to explain that word otherwife; and, laftly, he urges the expreffion in our Litany," bloody fweat," and the mifterious caufe and vaft excefs of our Saviour's agony, which might be expected to produce effects, even beyond what the human frame in any other fituation had ever experienced,

In reply to this we fay that we are, as he fuppofes, far from defiring to depreciate our Saviour's fufferings at that awful period, to the fufferings of a mere man: and that we are aware there are fufficient teftimonies, ancient and modern, to make it probable that blood may tranfude through the fkin, in particular cafes, without any præternatural caufe. But that we were led, as he fufpects, by the force of the particle , by which we ftill are influenced; not thinking it proba

ble that the evangelift fhould fay the fweat was "like clots of blood," when it really was blood: nor do we think the explanation of Lamy at all fatisfactory. Among commentators, Grotius cites Theophylact and Anthemius, as denying it to be blood, and Rofenmüller the elder, lefs exceptionable in some respects than Grotius, explains it in the fame manner. As to the expreffion in our Litany, it was copied from the Romish Litany, which probably was intended to countenance the opinion of blood, but may fairly be explained "blood like"; and, as to the effect upon the human frame, it is as extraordinary, nay more fo, according to fome teftimonies, to produce a thick and clotted fweat, than to force blood itself through the pores. We are aware of the mysterious and unparalleled fituation in which our Saviour stood at the time of his agony, but think, that if the Evangelift had meant to defcribe its effect accord- ¦ ing to the expreflion we difapproved, he would have omitted the particle. Thus much have we thought it right to say, in reply to an unknown author, whofe motives we approve, whofe learning we refpect, and whofe piety we admire. Nor1. can we forbear to add, that we should be very forry if the flight objection we threw out to the execution of his meritorious publication, fhould at all impede its circulation, or counterac its good effects.

H. H. may be affured, that the work he recommends to our notice, is already under confideration, and will receive particular attention.

J. W. of Blackheath, certainly does not comprehend the ground-work of the doctrine which he combats; and as he writes in defence of opinions which we reject, upon what we think irrefragable arguments, he cannot expect that we shall either print his remarks, or enter into a controverfy which has been agitated by hundreds, to gratify a private correfpondent.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

The plates of John Frederic Miller's figures of rare animals, and a few plants, having been originally published without letter-prefs, they will foon be iffued with scientific defcriptions by Dr. Shaw, under the title of Cimelia Phyfica.

A pofthumous work on Chronology, by the late Dr. Faulkner, whofe edition of Strabo has been fo long expected, will very foon appear at Oxford.

ERRATA.

In our laft, p. 389, 1. 5 from the bottom, for "cannot" &c. read. can only, according to our conception."

Alfo p. 431. 1. 29, read every moral fubject."

We have alfo to acknowledge a mistake in our account of Wyntown's Chronicle, p. 343, where, by a forgetfulness for which we will not pretend to make excufe, we applied to the birth of Macbeth what is faid only of Macduff.