respected, and it was dangerous to offend them. The chief towns are Spalatro, the capital, Amissa, Narenta, Sebenico, Trau, and Zara. Besides what the Venetians possessed on the continent, several islands in the Adriatic belong to them, which are considered as part of Dalmatia. This portion belonging to Austria, is strictly the only part to which the name Dalmatia now applies. 3. Turkish Dalmatia, lying east of Venetian Dalmatia. The principal towns are, Herzegovina, the capital, Clinova, and Scardova. 4. The late republic of Ragusa formed another part of Dalmatia.

DALMATIA, ISLANDS OF. Besides the islands included in the above province, Dr. Oppenheim mentions other seven islands of the late maritime division of Austria, as forming two distinct provinces; viz. the Four islands of Quarnaro, and the Three Dalmatian islands, peculiarly so called, viz. Brazza, Lesina, and Curtola.

DALMATIA, LOWER, or ALBANIA, a province of the late maritime division of Austria, divided from the ci-devant Venetian Dalmatia, by the late republic of Ragusa, and a part of Turkish Dalmatia. It comprehended the canal, town, &c., of Cattaro, the mountains and valleys of Buda, and the bailiwic of Pastrovichi. It is mountainous, but produces some corn, much oil, and fine fruits. The inhabitants have also considerable trade in the Levant.

The name of Dalmatia is said to be derived from the ancient capital Delmium, or Delminium. In the latter ages of the Roman empire this country suffered frequently from the inroads of barbarians, and was finally incorporated with Hungary in the twelfth century. When the Venetians, however, had occupied the sea-coast, they succeeded in the fifteenth century in conquering the interior, which long remained in their possession. By the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, the whole was ceded to Austria; but after the campaign of 1805 Buonaparte claimed it as king of Italy, and afterwards united it with the Illyrian provinces. Cattaro, and the southern part, were in 1806 seized by the Russians; but delivered up to the French at the peace of Tilsit. In the final arrangements of 1814 the whole was again transferred to Austria. DALRYMPLE (Sir David), an eminent and learned judge of Scotland, born at Edinburgh, Oct. 28th, 1726. He was educated at Eton, and from thence went to Utrecht, where he remained till after the rebellion in 1746. He was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates, Feb. 23rd 1748. In March, he 1766, was appointed a lord of Session, and in May, 1776, one of the lords of Justiciary. During this time he wrote several occasional papers, in The World, the Gentleman's Magazine, &c. In 1773 he published his Remarks on the History of Scotland, which first displayed his talent for minute and accurate enquiry into doubtful points of history. This prepared the public mind for his Annals of Scotland, of which the first appeared in 1776, and the second in 1779, and fully answered the hopes he had excited." In 1786 lord Hailes evinced his unshaken attachment to religious truth, by publishing a 4to. volume, entitled, An Enquiry into the Secondary Causes, which Mr.

Gibbon has assigned for the rapid progress of Christianity. This was the last work he published; but he attended his duty on the bench till within three days of his death, which happened Nov. 29th, 1792, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. Lord Hailes was twice married; first to the daughter of the late lord Coalston, and afterward to the daughter of lord Kilkerran, by each of whom he had one daughter. As he left no male issue, his nephew succeeded to his title. His knowledge of the laws was accurate and profound; and he applied it in judgment with the most scrupulous integrity. Affectionate to his family and relations, simple and mild in his manners, pure and conscientious in his morals, enlightened and entertaining in his conversation, he left society only to regret that, devoted as he was to more important employments, he had so little time to spare for intercourse with them. His labors in illustration of the history of his country, and many other works of profound erudition, remain as monuments of his accurate and faithful researches for materials, and his sound judgment in the selection of them. Besides the works above enumerated, lord Hailes published the following: 1. Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Great Britain, in the reign of James I. 8vo. 1765. 2. The Secret Correspondence between Sir Robert Cecil and James VI. 12mo. 1766. 3. Accounts of the Persecution of Charles II. after the Battle of Worcester, 8vo. 1766. 4. Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Great Britain, in the reign of Charles I. 8vo. 1767. 5. Canons of the Church of Scotland, drawn up in the provincial Synod held at Perth, 1242, 4to. 1769. 6. Historical Memorials concerning the Provincial Councils of the Scottish Clergy, 4to. 7. Ancient Scottish Poems, from a MS. of George Bannatyne, 12mo. 1770. All in 4to. in 1787. Lord Hailes has also left many valuable MSS.

DALTON (John), D.D. an eminent divine and poet, was the son of the Rev. John Dalton, rector of Dean in Cumberland, where he was born in 1709. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford; and became tutor to lord Beauchamp, only son of the earl of Hertford; during which time he adapted Milton's mask of Comus to the stage, by a judicious insertion of several songs and different passages selected from other of Milton's works, as well as of several songs and other elegant additions of his own, suited to the characters and to the manners of the original author. During the run of this piece he industriously sought out a grand-daughter of Milton's, oppressed both by age and poverty, and procured her a benefit from it, the profits of which amounted to a considerable sum. He was promoted by the king to a prebend of Worcester; where he died on the 2nd of July 1763. Besides the above, he wrote a descriptive poem, addressed to two ladies at their return from viewing the coal-mines near Whitehaven; and Remarks on twelve historical designs of Raphael, and the Museum Græcum et Egyptiacum.

DALTON, a market town of Lancashire. It is seated on the spring-head of a river in a champaign country, not far from the sea; and the ancient castle is made use of to keep the records,

and prisoners for debt, in the liberty of Furness. The church is an ancient, neat building, and has an organ. This town, being in an excellent sporting country, is much resorted to during the season. The port here is large and commodious; and a light-house has been erected at the south end of the Isle of Walney. A canal has been cut from the sea up to this town, one mile and a half in length, capable of navigating ships of great burden, which is of great advantage to the trade and commerce of the place. Market on Saturday. This is four miles from Ulverston, and 275 N. N. W. of London.

DAM, n. s. Fr. dame; Span. dama; Heb. DAME, n. s. and Chald. ; Arab. ama ; Lat. dema, domina; which, however, Minsheu derives from Heb. п, to govern; Sans. amma ; Teut. ama, to which Thomson thinks Sax. dey, or die, one that gives milk, has been prefixed. A human mother; a female who has borne young animals. Also, a title of honor; a lady; an elderly woman.

But of hire song, it was as loud and yerne
As any swalow sitting on a berne;
Therto she coude skip and make a game,
As any kid or calf folowing his dame.

Chaucer. Cant. Tales.

Their dam upstart out of her den effraide, And rushed forth, hurling her hideous taile About her cursed head. Spenser. Faerie Queene.

This brat is none of mine;

It is the issue of Polixena:

Hence with it, and, together with the dam,
Commit them to the fire.

Shakspeare. Winter's Tule.

The dam runs lowing up and down, Looking the way her harmless young one went, And can do nought but wail her darling loss.

Id.

Not all these lords do vex me half so much As that proud dame, the lord protector's wife. Id. Bless you, fair dame! I am not to you known, Though in your state of honor I am perfect. Id.

Another layeth a well-marked lambe,
Or spotted kid, or some more forward steere,
And from the payle doth praise their fertile dam.
Bp. Hall. Defiance to Envy.

Who would not repeat that bliss,
And frequent sight of such a dame
Buy with the hazard of his fame? Waller.

Mother, says a sick kite, let me have your prayers. Alas, my child, says the dam, which of the gods shall I go to? L'Estrange.

They killed the poor cock; for, say they, if it were not for his waking our dame, she would not wake us.

DAM, v. a. & n. s. From Gr. δαμάζω, δαμαω, to reduce to quiet, or stillness; Ang.-Sax. demman; Belg. damm. To confine and overcome the force of water; to shut up by moles or banks. To stop up an opening. Shakspeare applies it to fire, and Milton to light, restrained or confined.

I'll have the current in this place dammed up; And here the smug and silver Trent shall run In a new channel, fair and evenly. Shakspeare.

Henry VI.

Home I would go,

Milton.

Hudibras.

But that my doors are hateful to my eyes,
Filled and dummed up with gaping creditors,
Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring.
Otway.

Not with so fierce a rage the foaming flood
Roars, when he finds his rapid course withstood,
Bears down the dams with unresisted sway,
And sweeps the cattle and the cots away.

Dryden. The inside of the dam must be very smooth and straight; and if it is made very sloping on each side, it is the better. Mortimer's Husbandry.

'Tis you must drive that trouble from your soul; As streams, when dammed, forget their ancient current, And, wondering at their banks, in other channels flow. Smith.

DAMAGE, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Į Fr. domage, DAMAGEABLE, adj. dommage; Goth. damnage, from Lat. damnum, injury. To injure hurt, impair; and the injury, or harm done. Damages are an estimated value or supposed, reparation of injury done. Damageable goods are those readily susceptible of injury.

Milton.

His heart exalts him in the harm Already done, to have dispeopled heaven, My damage fondly deemed! Gross errours and absurdities many commit for want of a friend to tell them of them, to the great damage both of their fame and fortune.

Bacon.

The bishop demanded restitution of the spoils taken by the Scots, or damages for the same. Id.

Such as were sent from thence did commonly do more hurt and damage to the English subjects than to the Irish enemies, by their continual cess and extortion. Davies.

E

They believed that they were not able, though they should be willing to sell all they have in Ireland, to pay the damages which had been sustained by the war. Id.

I consider time as an immense ocean, into which many noble authors are entirely swallowed up, many very much shattered and damaged, some quite disjointed and broken in pieces. Addison.

When the judge had awarded due damages to a person into whose field a neighbour's oxen had broke, it is reported that he reversed his own sentence, when he heard that the oxen which had done this mischief Watts.

were his own.

Obscene and immodest talk is offensive to the purity of God, damageable and infectious to the innocence of our neighbour, and most pernicious to ourselves.

Government of the Tongue.

I have been for fifteen years a very laborious member of parliament; and in that time have had great opportunities of seeing with my own eyes the working of the machine of our government; and remarking where it went smoothly and did its business, and where it checked in its movement, or when it damaged its work. Burke.

DAMAR, a considerable town and district of Arabia, in the country of Yemen. It is wellbuilt, and has a large castle and a university of the Mussulman sect Zeidi, which, Niebuhr was informed, contained 500 students. It is said to contain 5000 houses. Distant fifty-six miles north of Sana, and ninety-four north-east of

Mocha.

DAMASCENUS (John), an illustrious father of the church in the eighth century, born at Damascus, where his father, though a Christian, enjoyed the office of counsellor of state to the Saracen caliph, to which the son succeeded. He retired afterwards to the monastery of St. Sabas, and spent the remainder of his life in writing books of divinity. His works have been often printed; but the Paris edition, in 1712, two vols. folio, is esteemed the best.

DAMASCIUS, a celebrated heathen philosopher, born at Damascus, A. D. 1540, when the Goths reigned in Italy. He wrote the life of his master, Isidorus, and dedicated it to Theodora, a very learned and philosophical lady, who had also been a pupil to Isidorus. In this life, which was copiously written, he frequently made oblique attacks on the Christian religion. We have nothing remaining of it but some extracts preserved by Photius. Damascius succeeded Theon in the rhetorical school, and Isidorus in that of philosophy, at Athens.

DAMASCUS, P, Heb. ; a very ancient city of Syria, in Asia. The ancients supposed it to have been built by one Damascus, from whom it took its name; and one of the medals of the city represents a hind suckling a child, supposed to have an allusion to the founder of the city, who is said to have been brought up by dama, a hind, whence his name. This city was in being

COL

DAMA

METRO

in the time of Abraham, Gen. xiv. 15; and consequently may be looked upon as one of the most ancient cities in the world. In the time of David it seems to have been a very considerable place; as the sacred historian tells us that the Syrians of Damascus sent 20,000 men to the relief of Hadadezer, king of Zobah. We are not informed whether, at that time, it was governed by kings, or was a republic. Afterwards, however, it became a monarchy, and proved very hostile to the kingdom of Israel, and would have destroyed it entirely, had not the Deity miraculously interposed in its behalf. This monarchy was destroyed by Tiglath Pileser, king of Assyria, and Damascus was never afterwards governed by its own kings. From the Assyrians and Babylonians it passed to the Persians, and thence to the Greeks, under Alexander the Great. After his death it belonged, with the rest of Syria, to the Seleucida, till their empire was subdued by the Romans, about A. A. C. 70. From them it was taken by the Saracens, A. D. 633; and it is now in the hands of the Turks.

Notwithstanding the tyranny of the Turkish government, Damascus is still a considerable place. It is situated in a plain of so great extent, that one can but just discern the mountains, which compass it on the other side. It stands on the west side of the plain, about two miles from the head of the river Barrady, which waters it. It is of a long, straight figure, extending about two miles in length, adorned with mosques and steeples, and encompassed with gardens, computed to be full thirty miles round. The river Barrady, as soon as it issues from the clefts of the Antilibanus into the plain, is divided into three streams.; the middle one, which is the largest, runs directly to Damascus, and is distributed to all the cisterns and fountains of the city. The other two seem to be artificial; and are drawn round, one to the right, and the other to the left, on the borders of the gardens, into which they are let by little currents, and dispersed every where. This river finally flows into a hollow of the south-east desert, called Behairat-elMerdi, the Lake of the Meadow.

The houses of the city, whose streets are very narrow, are all built on the outside, either with sun-burnt bricks, or Flemish wail; and yet it is no uncommon thing to see the gates and doors adorned with marble portals, carved and inlaid with great beauty and variety; and, within these portals, to find large courts, beautified with fragrant trees and marble fountains, and surrounded with splendid apartments. In these apartments the ceilings are usually richly painted and gilded; their duans, which are a sort of low, stages, seated in the pleasantest part of the room, and elevated about sixteen or eighteen inches above the floor, are floored, and adorned on the sides with variety of marble, mixed in mosaic knots and mazes, spread with carpets, and furnished all round with bolsters and cushions, to the very height of luxury. No city in the world has an equal number of fountains, or more splendid private houses. The interior of some of them is said to contain furniture worth £5000 or £6000. In this city are shown the church of John the Baptist, now converted into

a famous mosque; the house of Ananias, which is only a small grotto, or cellar, wherein is nothing remarkable; and the house of Judas, with whom Paul lodged. In this last is an old tomb, said to be that of Ananias, which the Turks hold in such veneration, that they keep a lamp continually burning over it. There is a castle belonging to Damascus, which is like a little town, having its own streets and houses; and here a magazine of the famous Damascus steel was formerly kept. The principal public building worth notice is the Zekia mosque, remarkable for its noble dimensions and general architecture. This is of the Corinthian order throughout; it has two minarets, and is of an oblong figure, crowned by a large stone cupola, supported by four enormous pillars. The gate way is supported by large columns of red granite; on the outside is a superb fountain, which throws the water twenty feet high. Another, with a grove of trees on each side, stands in a spacious court within. Numerous columns support galleries within, and portions of the walls exhibit the remains of mosaic work, with which they were once adorned. An hospital for the indigent sick is attached. This mosque is said to have been originally the cathedral church of Damascus. The Christians affirm, that it was dedicated to St. John Damascenus, whose body reposes here; but the Turks call it the mosque of St. John the Baptist. Another mosque is beautifully adorned with all kinds of fine marble, like mosaic pavement; and the tower or minaret of a third, is entirely cased with pantiles. The finest of its numerous hospitals is that constructed by the sultan Selim, consisting of a spacious quadrangle, lined by an interior colonade, which is entirely roofed by forty small domes, covered with lead. On the south side of the court there is a mosque, with a magnificent portico, and two exquisite little minarets, surmounted by a spacious cupola. The patriarch of Antioch has his see at Damascus, where he commonly resides. There is also a Greek, Maronite, Syrian, and Armenian church; and three convents of Franciscan monks. There are eight Jewish synagogues.

Damascus was, at one time, noted for its general ill-treatment of Europeans; but, although no one can venture to traverse the streets, unless in the Oriental costume, without insult, there is now little difference between the citizens of Damascus, and those of other eastern cities. A number of persons are generally seen in the streets, calling themselves saints, and appearing like ideots or madmen.

Cairo is for those from Africa. Their number, every year, amounts to from 30,000 to 50,000, Many of them repair here for four months before the time, but the greatest number only at the end of the Ramadan. Damascus then resembles an immense fair; nothing is to be seen but strangers from all parts of Turkey, and even Persia; and every place is full of camels, horses, mules, and merchandise. By means of this caravan, Damascus is become the centre of a very extensive commerce. By Aleppo, the merchants of this city correspond with Armenia, Natolia, Diarbekir, and even with Persia. They send caravans to Cairo, which, following a route frequented in the time of the patriarchs, take their course by Djesryakoub, Tiberias, Naplous, and Gaza. In return, they receive the merchandise of Constantinople and Europe, by way of Said and Bairout. The home consumption is supplied by silk and cotton-stuffs, which are manufactured here in great quantities, and are very well made; by the dried fruits, of their own growth, and sweetmeats, cakes of roses, apricots, and peaches, of which Turkey consumes to the amount of about 40,000 lbs. The remainder, paid for by course of exchange, occasions a considerable circulation of money, in custom-house duties, and the commission of the merchants. The pachalic of Damascus comprehends nearly the whole eastern part of Syria. In this vast extent of country, the soil and its productions are very various; but the plains of Hauran, and those on the banks of the Orontes, are the most fertile; they produce wheat, barley, sesamum, doura, and cotton. This city was one of the objects of Buonaparte's ambition while in the east: a small detachment of his cavalry had defeated the pacha's troops, and he was about to proceed to take possession of Damascus, when he was checked in his progress, in this direction, by British prowess and the disastrous results of the siege of Acre. In the year 1811 the city was menaced by the Wahabees, but the pacha going out to meet them, at the head of 6000 men, they retired. Damascus is 190 miles south of Antioch, 136 N. N. E. of Jerusalem, and 276 S. S. W. of Diarbekir.

DAMASCUS STEEL. See STEEL and CUTLERY.

Fr. damasquin; Ital. damaschino. Damask is a silk,

DAM'ASK, v. a. & n. s. DAMASKEN'ING, n. s. DAM'ASK-ROSE, n. s. first manufactured at Damascus: damaskening an operation of cutlery, whereby the blades of swords and locks of pistols are ornamented, as at Damascus and damask-rose, a rose variegated, after the manner of damask, with red and white: hence the damask of a cheek.

Not any weaver which his work doth boast In diaper, damask, or in lyne.

Spenser.

Damask-roses have not been known in England

above one hundred years, and now are so common.

Bacon.

who go to Mecca, from the north of Asia, as

And for some deale perplexed was her spirit, Her damask late, now changed to purest white.

They sat recline

Fairfax

Milton.