we are attentive to an odor or a flavor. Before the animal or the man, who is tormented with thirst, reaches the cup, the mouth is already open, and the tongue applied to the lips to refresh itself in the liquid. Observe the effort of the eyes and the ears, when we look at an object, or when we listen to any noise. When we are menaced with a danger, before having any deliberate consciousness of it, we first give to the most exposed part the movement, which is most proper to diminish the danger. Not only the feet, the arms, the hands, but the whole body is involuntarily put in motion in a determinate manner. Those parts, which are more nearly threatened, contract even convulsively.

In the state of disease, in man as well as in animals, it is by the motions of the patient, that the physician frequently knows the seat of disease. When an animal is tormented by worms or by pains in the intestines, he always carries his mouth towards the place where he feels the pain. In the staggers, it is by the manner in which the sheep holds his head, that we judge of the part of the brain, where the hydatid is situated. A person without consciousness, stunned by a fall or a blow, always carries the hand to the suffering place, &c.

Those of my hearers who follow the course of my ideas in these reflections, will be convinced, that in fact the exterior man is only an impress of the interior. I hope it will be so, likewise, for some of my readers at least. But it is time to return to my subject. In the natural language of the instinct of self-defence, all the body in a manner concentrates itself; the muscles contract, the neck stiffens, the arms are drawn a little back, and the hand closed, the teeth are clenched, the eyes as well as the mouth threaten the adversary. The coward scratches his ears as if to excite the organ. Every day I see the same language éven in animals, so far as the structure of their frame allows it; for example, in dogs, who are going to throw

themselves on each other. Cocks, at the moment of fighting, draw their heads briskly backward several Bucks, before throwing themselves on each other, raise themselves on their hind legs and bend back the neck. And thus these movements coincide with the seat of the acting organ.

Natural Language of the Instinct of Destruction, and the Instinct of Murder.

The organ of murder, or of destruction, has its seat immediately above the ears, in the perpendicular line of the vertebral column. The head, therefore, during the energetic action of this organ, is drawn back between the shoulders, and is carried neither forward nor backward, but makes a rapid movement, or rather it turns rapidly from left to right, and from right to left.

Sometimes my hearers have guessed admirably well the action of this organ; for, I am in the habit of giving the language of the organ of which I am discoursing. When one is so enraged against another as to exclaim; "If I had him I would tear him in pieces; if I meet him," he raises his two fists, and shakes them, one on each side of his head, with great force, he sets his teeth, and makes a violent movement from right to left, and from left to right, with the head drawn back between the shoulders. Notice in Pl. LXIX. fig. 1, the position of the woman, Albert, at the moment when she prepares to murder all her family. The head is strongly drawn back to the neck; she poises in her hand the hatchet, the instrument of her crime; and yet this is the only position she recollected, as she recalled it to her memory, when the artist asked her in what attitude she was, when she committed the deed.

In the chase, we hold the dogs at the moment, when, thirsting for blood, they are going to rush on

VOL. V.

24

their prey, they set the teeth with violence, foam at the mouth, bark furiously, and shake the head with violence. Often in the combat of animals, at Vienna, I have seen oxen and bulls in their rage, in presence of the enemy, whom they threatened to annihilate, groan, bellow, and throw into the air with their feet, sand and stones, shaking with fury their heads, which they had drawn back upon the neck. So the lion, breathing nothing but carnage and death, shakes his mane with fury. If animals shake with violence, their prey, which they are strangling, the movement may be attributed to the same cause.

Natural Language of Cunning.

The organ of cunning is placed in the lower part of the forehead in front, but not altogether in the anterior part. Hence it follows, that, during the energetic action of this organ, the head and the body must be carried forward and downward. When the double organs act alternately, the head and the body are gently turned from right to left, and from left to right. While turning thus, the cunning man looks aside, and accompanies the movement of his head and body by an analogous movement of his forefinger, which he holds extended. Hence the expression, a low, vile flatterer, a cringing man.

When an Italian wishes to warn you against a perfidious and false man, he looks aside at this man with an expression of distrust; he points to him stealthily and downwards with the fore-finger of one hand, and with that of the other he depresses one of his own cheeks. Pl. XCVII. fig. 4. The expression would be still more just, if he carried the fore-finger to the temple, which probably too is the original gesture. When by cunning one has accomplished his object, one of the eyes is partly shut, or throws an expressive look on one side; he walks with a wolf-like tread

the fore-finger points out the dupe; and he gently elbows his companion, to announce the victory, as mysteriously as he performed the trick; or, he designates the dupe by making a slight motion of the head one side, Pl. xcvi. fig. 5, all, movements, which represent the mode of address of the cunning man, and which are always in relation with the seat of the organ.

The tiger and the cat, when they watch their prey, or approach it with the wolf step, place the head flat on their fore paws, or lie with the body flat, and the fore and hind paws extended before and behind, the eyes and the tail moving gently, sometimes to one side, and sometimes to the other. The fox has the

same gait, when he creeps out of the wood.

Even dogs, when in playing together they wish to surprise their comrade, either place themselves straight on their feet, which have an oblique direction forward and backward, the head horizontally extended, or they lie flat on the ground, the head extended, and drawing themselves gently forward in zigzag direction, until finally they leap with petulance on their adversary. The sparrow, when any thing is offered him to eat, provided he has not yet been tamed, approaches it only by giving to his body, a direction more or less oblique.

Natural Language of the Instinct of Property, or Avarice.

As the organ of the instinct of property is also placed laterally in the temples, but more forward than backward, during its energetic action the head will be carried forward and a little on one side, the arms stretched forward, the hands sometimes opened wide, to receive, sometimes the fingers curved, as in the act of catching a fly that is escaping. A beggar, who asks alms of you, will never walk straight up toward you;

he always advances obliquely, with his head forward and his hand half open.

Natural Language of Circumspection.

The organ of circumspection is placed in the superior external lateral part of the parietals, a little backward from the perpendicular, which passes by the centre of the occipital opening. Consequently, during its energetic action, it raises the head and the body, and gives the head a rotary movement, at the same time that it carries it backward. Observe a man, who, after having reflected a long time, arrives at some particular plan, and dwells on the means of putting it in execution. While he reflects on the course he ought to follow, his body is bent forward; once decided, he raises himself suddenly, turns his head, sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left, holding it slightly inclined backwards, while the eyes wide open, follow the movements of the head, and their direction corresponds to the place of the organ. Pl. XCVII. fig. 6.

The roe-buck is too circumspect to take flight immediately when chased, like the boar or the fox, who save themselves by stealing off at the first noise. The roe-buck delays deciding, he hesitates and wanders here and there, until he is seen nearly on all sides. Thus, with the head raised, he looks on all sides, seeking to discover hills and bushes: finally, obeying the impulse of his terror, he endeavours to make his way through the hunters and the waylayers. I have seen a marten, which was pursued into a granary, follow the same method; she had not perceived me; sometimes she raised the head, and turned the eyes from one side to the other with anxiety: when she perceived, that she was approached more nearly, she retreated by lying flat on the belly. We may observe the same language in the rabbit, the squirrel,