on this subject. There is no family, no school, no society, which does not furnish the opportunity. The cranium Pl. xcvi. is that of the famous painter Unterberger; this man continued all his life immoveable in what he undertook; he undertook only things difficult of execution, and which required many years to bring them to perfection; though this disposition of mind by no means facilitated the means of providing for the wants of the numerous family, with which he was burdened. In this cranium, we see, on the summit the projecting elevation, of which I have just spoken, well marked.

This protuberance is much more remarkable in the cranium of a highway robber, extremely hardened in crime; this wretch was long kept in a narrow prison to force him to declare his accomplices; when it was seen, that this means was insufficient, recourse was had to blows with a stick; this torture appeared too painful to him, and he strangled himself with his chain. After his death, I found the parietals disunited precisely in the place, where the organ of firmness is placed. Was this separation an effect of the violent strangulation? Must we attribute it to the excessively energetic activity of the organ of firmness? Is it an effect of chance? Perhaps we shall have occasion to observe similar cases, which will aid us in resolving this question.

Dr. Spurzheim and myself saw in the house of correction, at Strasburg, a desperate robber, who, for at whole year, had pretended to be dumb; this man had the organ of firmness extremely developed.

Firmness of character must not be confounded with perseverance in certain propensities; as with the uninterrupted manifestation of certain faculties, which may exist in the most vacillating character.

How happens it, that certain persons, to procure enjoyment, are obliged to change every moment the object of their favorite propensities, while others are opposed to every kind of change? Lodging, friends,

mistresses, every thing, in fine, is dearer to them, the longer they remain in their possession. There are persons who have a rage for building. Hardly is one of their plans executed, when they are again changing; to make changes is their occupation through the whole year. There are likewise men, who love the fair sex, and feel the desire to unite themselves to woman by indissoluble ties, and to anticipate happiness from such a union. But no sooner do they possess the object of their desires, than it loses, in their eyes, all the charms it possessed; the spell is broken; in vain do they change; with each change they only wander farther from the end they propose to themselves. Does this disposition depend on the want of firmness of character, or, on a defect of the principle of attachment, or rather, on a deficient development of both these qualities?

Conclusion of the Exposition of the Organs, and of their Functions.

If I had treated of all the fundamental faculties, and of their organs, I should have made known all the instincts, propensities, and faculties of man and of animals I might say, thus far extends the province of man, and no farther. But, probably, those, who will follow me in the career which I have opened, will still discover some fundamental powers, and some organs, which have escaped my researches. Yet it is to be presumed, that they will never discover as great a number, as some philosophers seem to believe to exist. We must be cautious of admitting a particular organ for each modification of a quality or faculty. Nor must we deduce from a particular organ the qualities or faculties, which are only the result of the simultaneous actions of many organs. Now; if we reflect on the number of possible combinations, which may result from twenty-seven to thirty fundamental

qualities or faculties, from the reciprocal action of as many organs, we shall no longer be astonished at the infinite number of varieties met with in the characters of men. How many different combinations result from ten figures, from twenty-four letters! How many different faces result from the different combinations of the small number of parts, which compose the human face! How many shades, colors, and concords result from the combination of the small number of primitive colors and fundamental tones!

I

I have constantly adopted the principle of advancing nothing, which I could not either rigorously prove, or, at least, render very probable by strong arguments; it is for this reason, that, for the qualities and faculties, of which I maintain the existence, I have confined myself to that degree of activity, to which I could discover them and observe their manifestation. am not ignorant, that it would have been more philosophical to bring back always to their fundamental forces, the qualities or faculties, which I have been able to detect only in their exalted action; but, I have preferred to leave something for those to do who will come after me, rather than to put them under the necessity of undoing, what I might have prematurely established.

Besides, the difficulty of determining the primitive forces, is perhaps only apparent. Though all individuals of the same species are endowed with the same qualities and faculties, all are not endowed with them to an eminent degree. All dogs are not attached to their master; all are not courageous; all have not the faculty of directing their course; all bitches are not good mothers. Nevertheless, we say with truth, that all dogs possess the organs of attachment, of courage, of localities, of love of offspring. All have not an exquisite smell: can we therefore say, that dogs do not possess the faculty of scent? So, likewise, all men, though essentially furnished with

the same moral qualities, and the same intellectual faculties, are not geniuses in any respect. Most are limited to the simple disposition, to the capacity, to a moderate exercise of human power. It is given to only few individuals to be original. The Homers, the Ciceros, the Euclids, the Raphaels, the Michael Angelos, Titians, Mozarts, Canovas, St. Vincent de Pauls, &c., are rare; but every body is sensible to the charms of poetry, eloquence, painting, architecture, music, acts of beneficence. Thus, every body, with few exceptions, has the capacity to enjoy the productions of individuals, more happily organized. Why should not a person have the organs of poetry, of sculpture, of music, although unable to compose an Iliad, a Saint Madeleine, une Flute enchantée! These reflections, applied to organs, whose fundamental function seems not to be well determined, will perhaps prevent my successors from changing the denominations, which I have adopted conformably to the very energetic manifestation of a quality or a faculty.

There are presumptuous men, who think they can do every thing better than it has been done, and who say to me: "I doubt not, that there exists different organs in the brain; I only doubt whether we ought to admit those, which you pretend to have discovered." I would urge these persons to publish their discoveries, as well as the proofs on which they rest them. If their ideas are more conformable to nature, their proofs more convincing than mine, I will receive them with the more eagerness, as I attach more importance to a doctrine of the functions of the brain, which should leave nothing to desire.

Others, again, make exceptions to my physiology of the brain, inasmuch as they pretend, that I admit too great a number of fundamental qualities, and faculties and organs. It is not astonishing, that from twentyseven to thirty fundamental qualities, and as many organs, should appear much too numerous to philosophers, capable of deceiving themselves to the extent

of believing one, two, three, or at most six fundamental forces, sufficient to explain all the qualities and all the faculties of man.

When I commenced my researches, I was very far from knowing what I should discover. I had as little prepared myself to find a single fundamental power as to find twenty. Each of those, which I admit, is clothed with distinctive characters of fundamental qualities or faculties. Each one fulfils the following conditions announced at the commencement of the volume.

1st. That the organ is neither developed in the same time with the others, nor degrades itself simultaneously with them.

2d. That, in the same individual it is more or less developed than the other organs, and its functions takes place with more activity than that of the others.

3d. That when, in complete imbecility and in complete loss of mind, the function of this organ is alone in activity, this organ has alone acquired a certain degree of development.

4th. And that this organ alone remains in arrear in its development, in cases where its activity is alone more feeble, than that of the other qualities and faculties.

5th. That in mental diseases, the primitive force in question, may alone be injured or remain untouched, that is, that its organ may be singly injured, or be found singly untouched.

6th. That the fundamental function and its organ exist in certain species of animals, and are wanting in others.

7th. That often the same fundamental forces are found to exist in different degrees in the two sexes, and that, in this case, the organ of the quality or faculty has a degree of development differing in the two

sexes.

These modifications certainly cannot be explained either by the aid of a single fundamental force, or of