in retaining the names of persons to whom I was in the habit of rendering professional attention.

Of the Memory of Names and of Words, in the state of Disease.

An officer was wounded by a thrust immediately above the eye. He tells me, that since this moment he has had much trouble in remembering the names of his best friends; he had absolutely no knowledge of my doctrine. He does not perceive any debility of his other faculties.

At Marseilles, another young man received, above the eyebrow, a stroke of a foil, which destroyed entirely his memory of names; he could not recall those of his most intimate friends, not even that of his father. I have cited other similar facts in several places of this work.

Baron Larrey had the kindness to bring me one of his patients, whose history is as follows:

Edward de Rampan, aged twenty-six years, received from a foil, the point of which had been broken on the cushion, a blow on the middle part of the left canine region, near the nostril, in a direction oblique from below upward, and a little so from without inwards. The instrument penetrated to the depth of about three and a half inches, across the left nasal fossa, crossed the cribriform plate of the ethmoid near the insertion of the falx cerebri, and appears to have penetrated, in a vertical direction and a little oblique from before backward, to the depth of five or six lines in the internal posterior part of the anterior left lobe of the brain, in such a manner as to approach the anterior part of the mesolobe.

The patient experienced a very considerable hemorrhage at the very instant of the wound, and a very large quantity of splinters escaped by the nose and mouth.

All the organs of sense were paralyzed at the instant; but they have by degrees recovered their functions, and there remain at present only the following alterations:

The sight of the left eye has been totally lost for a month; it is now restored, but the patient sees all objects double.

The smell was totally extinguished; it is restored at present, and the patient can distinguish the odorous alcoholic liquors from the inodorous liquids.

The taste was equally destroyed. It returned by degrees on the right side of the tongue, so that the right half of this organ perceives savors very well, while the left side is deprived of this faculty; the whole of this organ is drawn to the right in opposition to the hemiplegia, which exists on the right side; the mouth being thrown to the left.

The hearing, first lost in the ear of the wounded side, was subsequently restored, and nothing now remains but a buzzing.

The voice, which was likewise lost, has been also restored, and there remains only a slight stuttering.

The force of the generative organs has been perfectly preserved. There supervened a hemiplegia of the whole right side; there remains now only a paralysis of the upper and lower extremity of this side. for locomotion only, the sensibility remaining untouched.

The memory of names has been wholly extinguished, and is reproduced now with great difficulty; while the memory of images, and of all which is susceptible of demonstration, is perfectly sound.

The mental aberration, which existed in the first periods in the organs of intellect, has now ceased; but whatever has relation to his self-love, to his military success, &c., throws him into a state of profound alienation and melancholy; while the conversations, which have relation to his family, neighbours, friends, restore his faculties again.

The patient recalled to himself very well the person, the figure, and the face of Baron Larrey; he would have recognised him without difficulty; he saw him always before his eyes, (the patient's own expression,) yet he could not recall his name, and always designated him as Mr. Such-a-one.

I have seen this patient, and have convinced myself that his state is such as it has been just described to

me.

If the memory of words is often destroyed in the state of disease, it happens sometimes also, that this faculty acquires a greater degree of activity. The following is an example.

A madman, says Pinel, cured by Dr. Willis, has thus given the history of the paroxysms. "I always," says he, "awaited with impatience the access of agitation, which continued six or twelve hours, more or less, because, while it lasted, I enjoyed a sort of beatitude. Every thing seemed to become easy to me; no obstacle arrested me in theory, or even in reality; my memory suddenly acquired a singular perfection; I recalled to myself long passages from the Latin authors."

I think the difficulties we have encountered in this treatise on the organ of words, will disappear, in proportion as we advance in the treatise on the organ of spoken language, which is to follow.

XV.

Faculty of Spoken Language; Talent of Philology, &c., (Sprach-Forschungs-sinn.)

The treatise on this faculty will offer important remarks of more than one kind. I shall occupy myself, first, with the material and experimental part, and shall conclude with philosophical considerations. When the greatest part of the middle portion of the inferior anterior convolutions, placed on the superior plate of the orbit, or on the roof, is greatly developed, this wall is not only flattened, but even depressed.

Hence results a peculiar position of the eyes. In this case, the eyes are at once prominent and depressed towards the cheeks, so that a certain space is found between the ball and the superior arch. The ball, thus depressed, acts on the inferior arch and augments its cavity. This large cavity produces in the living subject, when he has the lids open, the appearance of a little pouch filled with water, and hence the name of eyes with pouches. (See Pl. LXXXII. fig. 3, 6; Pl. LXXXIII. fig. 4; Pl. LXXXIV. fig. 1, 2, 5, 6; Pl. lxxxv. fig. 1.

Persons who have the eyes thus formed, possess not only an excellent verbal memory, but they feel a peculiar disposition for the study of languages, for criticism; in general, for whatever has relation to literature. They compile dictionaries, write histories; they are well fitted for the offices of librarian and keeper; they collect the scattered treasures of all ages; they compile learned volumes; they search into antiquities; and, however little other faculty they may possess, they excite the admiration of every body by their profound erudition.

Sometimes this faculty is already very active in childhood. At the age of six years, Baratier (Pl. LXXXIV. fig. 6,) already knew more than six languages; at so tender an age he translated the Greek authors, and corrected the translations of his predecessors. We see, that this youthful philosopher had a very happy conformation of the scull, and large pouched eyes. Louis Dufour de Longuerue was, from the age of four years, a prodigy of memory. The living and dead languages, history, theology, ancient and modern philosophy, antiquities, belles lettres, chronology, geography, were familiar to him. He dictated an historical description of France absolutely from memory, without consulting any book. We have seen the son of Dr. Perking, aged only eleven years; he was occupied with languages the whole day; he understands Latin, Greek, Arabic, and several living languages. His eyes are formed like those of Baratier.

I need not say, that such an organization acts very differently, according as it coincides with the greater or less development of other organs. When it is joined to eminent superior faculties, it produces universal geniuses, who embrace the whole sphere of activity of human intelligence. (Pl. LXXXII. Galileo, fig. 3, Bacon, fig. 6; Pl. LXXXIII. Rabelais, fig. 4; Pl. lxxxiv. Voltaire, fig. 4.

I am going to give the list of a certain number of remarkable men, endowed with this organization, without taking account of their other faculties, and without confining myself to chronological order.

The work of Dominicus Custos, printed at Augsburg in 1612, contains engravings of the persons, whose biography he gives. We have been not a little astonished to see, that the organization, of which I have spoken, is found in all the learned men, of whom mention is there made as philologists. Such, for examples, are Just. V. Mathiolus, who had also a collection of plants; Occo, a physician who possessed a collection of medals; Aldovrandus, a naturalist; Jerome Wolf, David Hoischel, Gryph, Nicholas Glanardus, William Canter, Francis Pogge, all philologists.

Pic de la Mirandole had so great a memory, that it was sufficient for him to hear a book read three times, and he would recite two or three pages in succession, or even repeat the words of these two or three pages in a retrograde order. It is related, that at the age of eighteen years, he knew twenty-two languages. Milton (Pl. LXXxiv. fig. 2,) was possessed of the most vigorous memory, so that all the studies of his youth were constantly present in his mind. His history of England supposes the knowledge and comparison of all the cotemporary writers, even of those who have put in operation the first materials. Coming from the hand of a blind man, it was as astonishing a prodigy as Paradise Lost. He was author of principles of grammar, of dictionaries, and knew Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, &c. The position and conformation of