keep it in the horizontal position. With these adjuvants Belladonna has been generally successful, given only as high as the third dilution. If the pain does not rapidly yield, a cold wet compress applied to the part and renewed as often as it dries. Symptoms: the patient is excessively sensitive and nervous; there is intolerance of pain which partakes of the neuralgic character.

Nux-vomica, when shooting pain in the testicle persists after the use of the preceding. Nux-v. 6, has succeeded in removing it.

Pulsatilla-May follow Aconite; and these two remedies alone often cure the disease. (Yeldham, p. 28.)

Aurum-The pain in the spermatic cord is of a neuralgic character and is more severe in the cord than in the testicle, but is very distressing; the cord is enlarged to two or three times its natural size, being larger toward the abdominal ring. (Yeldham, p. 29.)

Arnica lotion to the painful region.

Tartar-emetic-In cases conjoined with gastric symptoms, as fur red tongue, bad taste, eructations, want of appetite, constipation, &c. When orchitis, is very severe, Tartar-emetic has often a marked effect in reducing the inflammation and relieving the pain.

DIET.-Light unirritating food similar to that allowed in ordinary inflammatory affections.

When after the removal of the orchitis the gonorrhæa returns, Pe troselinum and Sulphur may be given in alternation with advantage When hardness of the epididymis remains, Sulphur 1, a grain daily for several days has succeeded.

Iodine is often useful in alternation with Sulphur.

Clematis. Dr. Hirschel regards Clematis, as the principal remedy in the treatment of orchitis, especially when it supervenes on exposure to cold, after blennorrhagia, and if the testicle be indurated, sensitive to pressure, the scrotum red, swollen, with tearing, drawing pains, and retraction of the spermatic cords and region adjacent. Ruckert gives these indications for blennorrhagic orchitis: "painful induration with sensation as though grains of sand were disseminated upon the surface of the organ-sequence of ill-treated blenorrhagia." In a case after exposure to cold and damp, a blenorrhagia was accompanied with violent pains in both testicles, nocturnal aggravation, with fever; testicles hard, swollen, and highly sensitive to pressure; scrotum red and tense; discharge nearly suspended. Clematis 12°, two doses in three days. The symptoms subsided during the interval, and the discharge re-appeared. The swelling of the epididymis continuing, Aurum 12°, completed the cure. (Attomyr, by Leon Simon, jr.)

In another case in which, from fatigue in hunting, a blenorrhagia was succeeded by orchitis with phimosis, and ulceration of the pre

ly the left, became enormous; the scrotum red and tense as in hernia; fever intense with furious delirium. After Aconite, Clematis completed the cure. Indications: the testicle is hard, swollen and painful, with sensation of traction upon the spermatic cord. If it feels bruised to the touch, with tension of the groin, upper thigh, and scrotum, Ruckert gives Clematis 12° and Spongia 30°, or Clematis alone every twelve or twenty-four hours. Various indurations of the testicle, not of syphilitic origin, have been cured by Clematis. Dr. Destirne disputes the power of Clematis in the above cases, and refers the recovery to natural resolution.

IRRITABLE TESTIS.-Clematis.-A case of gonorrhoea had lasted many years. Cold had developed orchitis, the part swelling to the size of a child's head. The patient became sad and misanthropic. The following year, moist itching spots appeared on the palm of the hand, general condition improved; when the spots receded he had colics. He had intermitting pains in the left testicle, faintness and retraction when the organ was touched. Other symptoms were relieved by other remedies; the pains of the testicle were relieved by Clematis 1° for a whole summer; when they returned the year following they were dissipated by the same remedy.

GENUS XIV.-ULCUS.-ULCER.

An ulcer is defined as a purulent solution of continuity of the soft parts of an animal body; (the name ulcus, derived from eλKoç, a sore). Ulcers may arise from any of the causes that produce inflammation, from wounds, from irritation of the absorbents by specific poisons, from any of the blood poisons already treated of, as scurvy, cancer, scrofula, or the venereal virus.

CAUSES. The proximate or immediate cause is an increased action of the absorbents, and a specific action of the arteries, by which a fluid is separated from the blood upon the ulcerated surface.

VARIETIES OF ULCERS.-1. Simple ulcer, arising generally from a superficial injury, as a wound, bruise, abscess, or burn. (See Volume I., p. 641; Vol. II., p. 181).

2. Sinuous ulcer, which runs under the integuments. Its orifice is narrow, but not callous.

3. The fistulous ulcer, or fistula, a deep ulcer, with a narrow and callous orifice.

4. The fungous ulcer, the surface of which is covered with fungous flesh.

5. The gangrenous ulcer, which is livid, foetid, and gangrenous.

6. The scorbutic ulcer, which occurs in persons subject to the influence of scurvy.

YOL. IL-25.

7. The venereal ulcer, which occurs in the course of the venereal disease.

8. The cancerous ulcer, or open cancer. (See Cancer, page 282, Vol. II.)

9. The irritable ulcer, dependent on a psoric dyscrasia in the blood though excited by local causes. The edges of the sore are ragged, undermined, and sometimes serrated or notched. The surrounding surface is red or inflamed; the bottom of the cavity is composed of irregular hollows, which contain a thin, greenish, or reddish, acrid matter, which excoriates the adjoining skin. Instead of the healthy granulating surface, described in Vol. I., page 643, there is a white, or dark-red, spongy mass, which is irritable, extremely painful, and bleeding on the slightest touch. This form of ulcer occurs in persons who eat and drink too freely, or have suffered from fevers. When seated on the leg or ankle it becomes extremely painful and difficult to heal, and is called a "fever sore." (See Vol. II., p. 181; Vol. I., p. 647).

Indolent ulcers are common on the leg, in slovenly and intemperate persons. The surface of this form of ulcer is flat, has a shining ap pearance, and is covered with a whitish or dark-gray crust, which is exceedingly tenacious. Generally there is a profuse discharge of viscous cohesive fluid. The edges of the sore are elevated, smooth and rounded, the surrounding parts are swollen or hard, and the whole limb enlarged; but generally there is but little pain.

10. Carious Cancer, dependent upon carious bone.

11. The Scrofulous Ulcer which occurs only in scrofulous consti

tutions.

It is known by its having arisen from indolent tumors, by its discharging a viscid glairy matter, and its indolent nature. (See Scrofula, Vol. II. p. 259.)

12. Varicose Ulcer.-This occurs on the inner side of the leg or thigh in persons who have varicose veins.

TREATMENT OF ULCERS.-Ulcers are always curable by the simplest dressings, and the natural powers of reparation when they occur in healthy constitutions. Obstinate ulcers are invariably the result of some dyscrasia of the organism which should become the special object of attention. Even simple ulcers should be healed slowly, and under the use of proper internal remedies this can always be done. The following are the principal remedies:

Arsen., Lach., Asarum, Bell., Calc., Carb-veg., Conium, Cuprum, Graphites, Lycopodium, Merc., Phos.-acid, Rhus., Sil., Sulph., Canth., Chel., Clematis, Solanum.

Arsenicum.-Indolent ulcers on the leg, in old, feeble, or cachectic persons; scorbutic or scrofulous ulcers which are flat and superficial, or hard, callous and burning; ulcers which resemble cancer; fungous,

de

varicose ulcers of gray color with red areolo, black or whitish-spotted surface; those that bleed readily, suppurate, are inflamed, putrid, phagedenic and very painful, itching, smarting, burning, tearing or drawing. Lachesis.-Indolent ulcers in old scorbutic or scrofulous subjects; effects of Mercury, fungous ulcers; deep, varicose, indented, bluish spotted, discolored, with red areolæ, turning black or spotted; ulcers which bleed or become gangrenous, spread, and are surrounded by pustules.

Sulphur-Every form of indolent ulcer in psoric constitutions; in persons subject to asthma, urticaria, herpes or scrofula; fistulous, carious or cancerous sores; fungous or varicose ulcers, with indented edges, or red areola; ulcers which turn black, suppurate or become putrid, without pain, or with boring and throbbing pains.

Carbo-vegetabilis.-Ulcers which burn and smell offensively; atonic or indolent sores in old persons; scorbutic, fistulous, and scrofulous ulcers; those with hard callous edges; fungous, varicose ulcers of yellow or black color, which bleed and become putrid, phagedenic and painless or torpid; otherwise very painful, ichorous, burning, and foetid. Cantharides.-Redness, inflammation and gangrene of the surface; excessive debility, languor, and emaciation; exudation of a serous liquid from a vesicated surface; itching and lacerating ulcers of the leg; strangury, and tenesmus of the bladder.

Case by Dr. Burdick, New-York.-A gentleman who had suffered from paralysis for sixteen years had a chronic ulcer on the calf of the leg. The surface presented a watery blister from which was discharged about one quart of serum per day. He was cured by the internal use of Cantharides.

Solanum.-All the species of this genus of plants are good remedies in malignant ulcers as well as carbuncles. One of the best local applications is the tomato. The powers of Solanum-nigrum in gangrene are referred to at page 346, this volume.

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CLASS IV.-DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS FUNCTION.

ORDER 1.-PHRENICA.-AFFECTING THE INTELLECT.

MENTAL DERANGEMENT.

The brain and nerves constitute the master tissue of the human body. It is superiority of brain, either in structure or conformation, which mainly creates the distinction between different individuals and different races. A thorough knowledge of this wonderful structure would enable us to explain some of the most mysterious inconsistencies and contradictions in human character, and many of the strangest events in human history; and would also render us more capable of comprehending the grand destiny of the human family.

The problem of man's objects and achievements on earth has only been partially solved by history, because historians have but partially understood his physical or mental constitution. The ancients thought him "an intelligence served by organs." Modern philosophers have set themselves to investigate the "organs," and to explain away the "intelligence" into non-entity. We shall not enter into the controversy between them; but will endeavor to collect for practical uses the best results of observations and experiments which may illustrate the nature and treatment of the diseases which affect the human intellect.

In estimating the probable future of our world, the mental peculiarities and capacities of different races and nations must be taken into the account. Modern research has shown that national characteristics have continued unchanged from the remotest ages. The Arabians are just what they were in the days of the patriarchs. Very recently it was declared by ethnologists, that the Hindoos had altered in nothing since they were described by the earliest writers; and we know that thirty-five hundred years have made no difference in the skin, the hair, or the features of the Negro. The characteristics of the Jew may be recognized in the sculptures of Luxor and Karnac in Egypt, where they were depicted more than thirty centuries ago; and they bear the most striking resemblance to the Jews of the present day. Neither their residence in Palestine, nor their subsequent banishment into every country and climate of the world have made any sensible change in the personal frame, the form of the head, the color of the skin, or the lineaments of the countenance. (Crania Americana.) The permanence of national characteristics in the features of wellknown races is displayed in Egypt for the longest period known in