it is indehiscent, (not opening when ripe ;) monospermous, (having one seed;) the egret (c) is sessile and plumose, and the embryo is dicotyledonous and fleshy. At b, is the same pericarp, cut longitudinally, and exposing an inner half of one of the cotyledons. In this genus are the pericarps of the Dandelion, the Oyster-plant, Lettuce, &c.

Cerion;* in this genus the embryo is situated upon the side of the perisperm; cotyledon one, large and fleshy. The germ is clothed with a pileole;† the radicles are contained in coleorhizes. The fruit of Indian-corn, wheat, of the grasses and rice, are found here.

Carcerula; the characters of this genus are variable; it includes all fruits of the order Carcerulares, which do not come within the two preceding genera; the buckwheat, elm, and rhubarb, are examples.

7007

b

ORDER 2d. CAPSULARES, simple fruits, having capsules which open when in a mature state; they have their origin from a single ovary, free, or adhering to the calyx; they have valves, and consequently sutures, and open by the separation of the valves.

Capsule. You see here, (Fig. 94,) a capsua lar fruit; it is the seed of the martagon-lily, (Lilium martagon ;) a, represents the capsule open, as it appears in a mature state; b, the same cut transversely, showing the seeds. All capsular fruits which do not belong to the other genera in this order, are here included. They are monocephalous, as in the lily, or polycephalous, as in Nigella; they do not adhere to the calyx, and have one or many cells.

Legume, is an irregular, bivalve, elongated pericarp; it is monocephalous, free, the two valves joined by two sutures, an upper and lower; it contains seeds in one cell, a placenta along the lower suture. The embryo has two cotyledons, and a radicle bordering on the hilum. The legume is sabre-form in the bean; cylindric in the Cassia, compound in the pea, and articulated in Hedysarum, where it is called a loment.

it is

Fig. 95, a, represents the fruit of the Astragalus; swollen; the cell is longitudinal; b is the same legume cut transversely in order to show the two cells.

Silique, a bivalved pericarp, peculiar to the Cruciferæ, having its seeds attached to both the upper and lower valves. The silique is divided by a longitudinal partition, formed by the dilated placenta, and bearing the seeds.

*The same as caryopsis.

For an illustration of these terms, see plate 115, with its explanation, or the vo cabulary. This includes what some call the utricle, others the scleranthus, or samara.

Cerion-Carcerula-Order Capsulares-Genus Capsule-Legume-Silique.

4

a

Fig. 96.

d

b

Fig. 96, a, represents a silique, the fruit of the SINAPIS alba, (white mustard;) this is said to be rostrate, terminating like a bird's beak. b, represents a globular seed; c, the same magnified; d, shows the seed dividing, and the embryo making

its appearance. The silicula is a variety of the same genus.

Pyxides, (from puris, a box ;) it has two valves, an upper and lower, the latter is attached to the receptacle, while the former opens like the lid of a box. This genus may be illustrated by the fruit of the genus Lecythis, (Fig. 97;) a, represents the lower valve, b, the upper valve or lid of the pericarp. To this genus belong the fruit of the Anagalis,

Hyosciamus, and Gomphrena globosa, or bachelor's button. ORDER 3d. DIERESILLA, (from diaresis, division,) contains simple fruits, which divide into many carpels ranged symmetrically round a central axis. These carpels are formed by the adhering valves of the pericarp, which in the maturity of the fruit separates, and the carpels appear like so many little nuts; as in the seed of the nasturtion, which easily falls into parts.

Cremocarp, (from kremao, to suspend, and karpos, fruit;) this kind of fruit derives its origin from an ovary surmounted with two styles, and often crowned by the limb of the calyx. It has two cells, and two seeds. It divides itself into two seeds, suspended by their summit to a slender central axis, usually two-forked. Each seed contains a depending embryo, clothed with a membranous and adhering tegmen, and having a horny perisperm. The embryo is very small, and has two cotyledons. The coriander is a spherical cremocarp; the caraway is ellipsoid. The seeds of the carrot and parsley and other umbelliferous plants belong to this genus.

Regmate, (from regma, opening with noise,) containing many seeds which are enclosed by two valves opening by an elastic movement, as Euphorbia.

Fig. 98.

b

The cut represents a pericarp of the Euphorbia; it consists of four carpels ;-in the ripe fruit, the panextern or outer covering is thrown off by an elastic movement of the valves; a, represents the entire

fruit, and b, the same cut transversely, showing four seeds. Dieresil,* a variable genus, containing such fruits in the order as do not properly come under the two other divisions, as the nasturtion, geranium, hollyhock, &c.

Pyxides-Order Dieresilia-Genus Cremocarp-Regmate-Dieresil.

ORDER 4th. ETAIRIONNAIR, (from etairoi, associates,) contains compound fruits, proceeding from ovaries, bearing the styles; this order contains two genera.

Double Follicle, as in the milk-weed, (ascle pias,) having two follicles, each formed of one valve, folded lengthwise, and adhering at its edges.

Etairon*, having many seeds ranged round the imaginary axis of the flower, as the ranunculus and anemone.

Here is the fruit, (Fig. 99,) of the Aconitum, (monk's-hood,) which belongs to this order; it is composed of three pods united in one compound fruit; a, shows one of the valves in a dehiscent state; b, represents a seed cut longitudinally.

The Clematis is a caudate etairon, the Paonia is divergent and dehiscent.

ORDER 5th. CENOBIONNAIR, (from koinobion, a community,) compound fruits without valves or sutures, proceeding from ovaries without any adhering styles; this order contains but one genus.

Cenobion,† includes fruit of the labiate plants and some others. Figure b100, represents the pericarp of the genus Gomphia; it is composed of five companions, a, as Mirbel calls each of the one-celled divisions which stand around an ovoid germ, destitute of any style; b, represents one of these divissions cut vertically; it contains one seed.

Fig. 100.

ORDER 6th. DRUPACES, simple, succulent fruits, containing a nut. This order has but one genus. Drupe, this pericarp is composed of a woody or bony panintern,‡ called the nut, and of a panextern, sometimes dry and membranous, at others fleshy or pulpy; this character is peculiar to this fruit. It may be regular or irregular, monocephalous or polycephalous, adhering to the calyx or free. The cherry has a pulpy panextern, the peach fleshy, the walnut woody. The AMYGDALIS persica, Fig. 101, a, is a succulent drupe, of a roundish form, and furrowed on the side; the nut of this drupe is an ellipsoid, one-celled and one-seeded,

+ Called by De Candolle, Sarcobase and Microbase.

The panextern includes what is sometimes called epicarp and sarcocarp, the parintern is the same as the endocarp.

Order Etairionnair-Double Follicle-Etairon-Describe the fruit of the AconitumOrder Cenobionnair-Cenobion-Order Diupaces-Drupo.

b, represents the peach deprived of one half of its pulpy exterior, or panextern, and exposing the nut or panintern; c, represents the nut divested of one of its valves, and showing the seed d.

ORDER 7th. BACCATI, (from bacca, a berry,) simple, succulent fruits, containing many separate seeds. The genera in this order are the following:

Pyridion,* (from perideo, to lie around;) this is a regular fruit, crowned with the adhering calyx. The pericarp is fleshy, and has several cells, each of which contains one or more seeds; the embryo has two cotyledons, which are large and fleshy. This genus contains the apple and pear. The apple, (Malus communis,) Fig. 102, has a round, fleshy pericarp, crowned with the calyx; the seeds are enclosed in five carpels, or cells, ranged around in the axis of the fruit; the cells are composed of membranaceous valves. The seeds are tunicated, or coated; a, represents an entire pyridion; b, the same cut vertically; and c, the same transversely.t

Pepo, (from the Latin pepo, a melon;) this is a regular monocephalous fruit with a radiating placenta, containing many seeds; the panextern is solid and dry; the panintern is pulpy. The watermelon is globular, and the cucumber oblong. Fig. 103, represents the cuCUMIS anguria, sometimes called prickly cucumber; a, is the entire pepo, which is spinous, three-celled, and many-seeded. The cells and seeds are shown by the same fruit cut transversely, as at b; c, represents a seed, this is tunicated and dicotyledonous; d, the same cut vertically.

* Called Pome, by Linnæus.

A singular fact is observable in the fruit of the apple: when cut in slices transversely, it exhibits in its substance an exact representation of the five petals which existed in the flower; have never, in any botanical work, met with a notice of this phenomenon, and know not on what physiological principles it can be explained.

Order Baccati-Pyridion-Pepo.

Bacca, contains all the fruits of this order not found in the other genera. The pericarp of the currant, whortleberry, orange, bar

Fruits which are covered by a bract or foliaceous envelope.

This class is divided into five genera, as follows:

1st. Strobilum or cone, a collection of carcerular fruits concealed by scales, formed of bracts or peduncles, whose union produces a globular or conical body, as the juniper, pine, &c. Fig. 105, represents the fruit of the pine, which is composed of woody, close, and indehiscent cupules. The glands are membranous, one-celled, and one-seeded; a, is an entire strobilum; b, is the same, cut vertically; the placenta, extending lengthwise through the fruit, is large. The pine-apple, Bromelia, is of this genus of fruits.

2d. Calybion,* (from kalubion, a little cabin;) fruits of this genus are composed of a cupule or cup of variable forms, and of carcerculars enveloped entirely, or in part, by the cupule. The carcerculars of calybions are called glands. The gland of the oak is partly concealed in its cupule, that of the beech entirely concealed, and also of the yew, (Taxus ;) in the latter are two cupules, one enclosing the other; the exterior one is succulent, and of an orange red; the interior, which is hard and woody, encloses the fruit.

*This includes what some writers call the gland and the nut.