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under the Messieurs, and, I add with pleasure, the Mesdames Hill. In that seminary there is the same advanced intellectual and ornamental, and the same moral and religious education, as at Worksop. Indeed, having visited both at three months' interval, I sometimes forgot at Worksop that I was not repeating my visit to Bruce Castle. Perhaps, of the two, from local advantages, there is externally more of the tasteful and elegant in the noble Elizabethan mansion, beautifully wooded grounds, and well laid out gardens of Bruce Castle; all tending to give habits and feelings of refinement, by the constant activity of Ideality, the nearest and best ally of the moral sentiments. far as his certainly handsome premises and grounds will admit, Mr. Heldenmair's whole externals are tasteful. But in all that is essential to exercise the higher feelings, there is a perfect similarity between the schools at Worksop and Bruce Castle; in the cheering, humanising, and gentlemanising presence of the ladies, their truly maternal reign, and the willing obedience of the pupils, who look up to them as parental friends, and who dare not be idle, or listless, or perverse, or unmannerly in such presence. For these advantages, it matters not into which of the two seminaries the stranger goes; whether he witnesses the exciting, lively sway of Mrs. Arthur Hill, or the quieter but not less powerful sceptre of Mrs. Heldenmair. It is not easy to conceive anything more in harmony with the truth that Benevolence is power, than this the chief ornament of these new schools. It breathes of that mild practice in which “love casteth out fear." It had no place, it has none, in the gloomy cloisters of monkish schools, associated with laborious and useless classical tasks and corporal punishments. The studies and sufferings of barbarism fly like ghosts at sunrise, the instant gentle and refined females are admitted to smile upon a youthful band of happy students, to mingle with them, give lessons and share in them, and are seen in the play-ground, reconciling rarely-occurring disagreements, and with a word subduing the occasionally refractory; -for there is no rule so powerful. At both places the masters told me, that when they have been foiled by an obdurate boy from one of the old schools, they have handed him over to the ladies, who never failed to soften him. The phrenologist will have no difficulty in analysing their kindly influence, and distinguishing the faculties to which it addresses itself. Preferring, as I do, the alternation of Dayschool with Home, I am aware it cannot always be commanded. Almost all females resident in the country must send their boys to boarding-schools. No improvement has done more to assimilate the boarding-school to the private family than this female

superintendence, extending from mere housewifery to intellectual, moral, and social intercourse. I would earnestly recommend it to all boarding-schools for boys. I am, &c. JAMES SIMPSON.

November 7th, 1837.

VI. The Connexion of Disease with War. From DR. BARLOW'S Dissertation on the Causes and Effects of Disease.

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THOUGH it may be difficult to determine in what manner a contagious poison is generated in the living system, yet it is very easy to point out under what circumstances this takes place, and to specify the conditions favourable to its production; for these are matters of experience so notorious, that both ancient and modern history affords abundant instances of their reality and confirmation. The crowding together of considerable numbers of men in camps and besieged cities, where, to all the horrors of war, fatigue, famine, and despair are added ; – privations and sufferings consequent upon military operations in general, especially when these are associated with defeat and mental depression are causes which have been known so frequently to give rise to malignant contagious diseases, and to be the occasions of their spreading, that the connexion has become proverbial; and the appearance of the pestilence has justly been regarded as an almost necessary consequence of drawing the sword. There is scarcely any instance, says Sir John Pringle, of a town being long invested, without some malady of this kind breaking out. In this way arose the plague at Athens, as described by Thucydides. In a similar state of things appears to have originated that fearful disease, which has been traced to the troops of Charles VIII. engaged in the siege of Naples in 1494, and from thence spread so rapidly over Europe, and with such dreadful devastation, that, to use the words of Dr. Traill," it seemed to threaten the extirpation of the whole civilised world, and was by many attributed to the hand of Heaven inflicting punishment for the enormous flagitiousness of mankind.”

The history of small-pox affords another case in point; and its connexion with Mahometanism is not a little remarkable.*

The connexion with Mahometanism is not remarkably close, seeing that the disease appeared amongst Abyssinians even before the birth of Mahomet, and has been spread over the earth by Christians more than by Mahometans.- EDITOR P. J.

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*

This disease first appeared in the Abyssinian army besieging Mecca, two months before the birth of Mahomet; and, thus contemporaneous with the Prophet, was speedily spread abroad by his reckless adherents, who conferred it on the conquered along with the faith for which they fought. Introduced into Europe by the successes of the Saracens in Sicily and Spain, and its extension promoted by the mistaken zeal of the infatuated Crusaders, it became naturalised amongst us, and was subsequently carried to America by the merciless followers of the inhuman Cortez a scourge more severe than either the fire or the sword. Thus associated and propagated the companion of warfare and wickedness we may well view it with no ordinary feelings of horror, and might naturally expect that many centuries of comparative peace must needs elapse, before a disease so virulent and so widely sown would be found to lay aside its formidable character. In process of time, the nation which first disseminated the contagion supplied also a remedy' and inoculation was imported from the capital of Turkey, into that of almost every country in Europe. Happily, however, for the welfare of our race, the century which saw the adoption of one remedy, witnessed also the application of another one of much greater value, and for which we are indebted to the observation of a physician, of whom his country may feel justly proud. In 1798, Dr. Jenner announced his discovery of vaccination, and from that period to the present, variola has no longer been an object of terror. But while we admire that provision in our economy by which a mild disease may be substituted for one that is severe, and the manner of the remedy, we must not omit to recognise, both in relation to the fact itself and the mode of its discovery, the overruling hand of that Providence, who, in compassion to human sufferings occasioned by human depravity, after that we had endured awhile the consequence of our folly, made known to us a remedy whereby we might be healed.

The wars which upon the continent of Europe succeeded the French Revolution, were attended more or less uniformly with febrile epidemics. During the first ten years, typhus appeared in various parts of Germany and Italy. Afterwards it prevailed in other European countries, very nearly as the seat of warlike operations was changed. In 1805 it appeared in Austria after the battle of Austerlitz; in 1806 and 1807 it broke out violently and mortally in Russia and Poland. The war between France and Austria in 1809 was attended by a similar epidemic, and the miserable remains of the French army which

* Inoculation is little entitled to be called a " remedy," as medical statists say that the practice increased the mortality from small-pox, - EDITOR P. J.

survived the horrors of the retreat from Moscow in 1812 spread disease wherever they came. The most formidable epidemic that ever occurred in England, -the Sudor Anglicanus, was of similar origin. Scarcely had the destructive wars waged by the rival houses of York and Lancaster ceased, ere the distracted country was again plunged into similar scenes by the hostile intentions of the Earl of Richmond, among whose troops, on their landing at Milford Haven in 1485, this desolating pestilence first appeared, and in a short time is said to have swept off one third of the population. The late epidemic cholera also was nursed in the lap of war. So obvious, indeed, was the connexion and progress of this disease with military operations, that, to use the words of a medical officer, it looked "as if the hand of Providence would thus signally mark his aversion to the calling of a soldier." "How often," remarks the same writer, "have we seen the expiring embers of the disease by this means fanned into a flame in a body of men, and again dispersed by it with fatal effect over a whole line of country? These are facts for our rulers to weigh and to act upon; they clothe war with additional horrors, and exhibit its destructive influence extending far beyond its immediate sphere of action." War not only gives rise to disease, but, wherever a tendency to disease exists, increases its force and augments its fatality. This was proved by sad experience during the turmoil of colonial warfare, and has been severely felt by British troops in European countries subject to endemic diseases. Indirectly, war leads to disease by causing a scarcity of foodthe crops being destroyed, or the land left uncultivated; and not unfrequently by occasioning national poverty, the resources of a country being lavishly squandered in reckless disregard of its best and truest interests. Hence, war produces famine, and famine produces pestilence; and thus these three - War, Famine, and Pestilence the triple source of the most severe of human sufferings, acknowledge one common origin, and equally exhibit, in the conditions of the physical world, the consequences of neglecting moral laws; thereby illustrating, in a marked manner, the intimate relation that exists between them, and the unity of design which characterises both.

[A review of the work from which this sketch is taken, will be found amongst our Notices of Books.]

VII. Copy of Correspondence between Dr. Charles Caldwell and a Committee of the Medical Class of the Medical Institute of Philadelphia.

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It was intimated in our last Number (page 91.) that we had received a copy of this correspondence, which should be inserted in the next Number, and accordingly we now present it to our readers. Not many years ago the opponents of Phrenology were loudly and repeatedly exclaiming, Why do not the medical men embrace Phrenology?' It was then almost in vain to reply, The younger members of the profession are studying our science, and will embrace it; the older will not embrace it, because they are not studying it.' Every year is now sweeping off the older medical opponents, and every year is adding to the profession a number of young men, who look upon Phrenology as a part of their professional education; and since the public is beginning to regard this as a necessary item in professional acquirements, they who do gain a competent knowledge of the science will soon meet the reward of their exertions, in the increasing respect and confidence of their patients. Ten years will bring about great changes, and few will then have occasion to envy the prospects of young medical men who shall still be opposing Phrenology, if any such can then be found. Our readers know well who Dr. Caldwell is; and they do not require to be told that one gifted with a mind of such vigour, originality, and independence, is worth a host of ordinary physicians "advanced in years" and " enamoured of ease." The following are the letters of the Correspondence. PHILADELPHIA, August 10th, 1837.

DR. C. CALDwell.

SIR, We have been appointed a Committee to transmit to you the following resolution, proposed at a meeting of and adopted by the Medical Class of the Medical Institute of Philadelphia.

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Resolved, "That we tender our most sincere thanks to Dr. Charles Caldwell for the able, cogent, and instructive manner in which he treated the subject of Phrenology; and also for his lucid exposition of the diversified and important applications and tendencies of that interesting branch of Science and that we most anxiously wish him a long and prosperous life, to enjoy the fruits of his assiduous and unremitted labours."

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For ourselves, individually, accept the highest regard and esteem of,

Very respectfully, Yrs., &c.

LEONIDAS Y. STITH

C. D. WADdell

WM. T. WEBB

JOHN R. BUCK

Committee.

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