and to describe the busts sold in the "image shops" of London as if they were the only, or the recognised guides of phrenologists in general, is about as reasonable as it would be to abuse the Royal Academy for permitting these same "image shops," to sell the hideous effigies of Sir Walter Scott which we see in their windows. Sir F. Chantrey modelled a bust of Sir Walter Scott, for the accuracy of which he is responsible, but neither he nor the Royal Academy can be justly blamed, because the "image shops" sell very incorrect piracies of it.

Mr. Hytch says, "one error which we perceive in every published bust, is the unnatural delineation of the organs." I beg to state the manner in which the Edinburgh Bust, published on 1st April 1829 by Mr. O'Neill was marked:

The head is very nearly of the full average size. It was selected because the three orders of organs, those of the Propensities, Sentiments and Intellectual Faculties were all well developed. In mapping out the different organs a great number of skulls and casts of the head were consulted, and the forms and situations of the organs in them were copied as far as possible. For example, the organ of Amativeness was delineated after its form in a skull in which it was strongly marked. Philoprogenitiveness was copied from the skull marked No. 2. Plate LX. in the Atlas which accompanies Dr. Gall's large work, of which we possess a cast, and in which it stands forth as distinctly as the nose on the human face. Concentrativeness was drawn from a cast of the head of a gentleman in whom it was very large, aided by another cast in which it was very small. Adhesiveness is delineated chiefly from negative instances, that is to say from skulls and casts in which it is depressed; David Haggart's for example, is one. In many skull and casts, such as the Swiss skulls, the cast of the head of Mrs. H. &c., the organ is largely developed; but it does not stand forth in a definite form, on account of the neighbouring organs being also large. In the negative cases there is a depression corresponding to that single organ; and its situation, therefore, with an approximation to its form, was to be found by reference to them. Combativeness stands forth in a distinct form in the skull of General Wurmzer, of which we have a cast. Destructiveness is equally conspicuous in the skull of Bellingham. Secretiveness stands singly prominent in a Hindoo skull which we possess; it is also predominant in the skull marked "a cunning debtor" one of Gall's Collection. Acquisitiveness stands forth as a predominant single organ in a skull in the Phrenological Collection here, and on the faith of its form and position in this head, we declined to adopt a new marking of this organ introduced by Dr. Spurzheim from anatomical considerations alone. The accuracy

of our marking has been borne out by many subsequent examples. Constructiveness may be seen as a single round organ in the cast of the skull formerly ascribed to Raphael; in that of "the Milliner of Vienna," and it is also very distinctly marked in several of the "Greek" skulls. Self-esteem stands prominent in the cast of a head in our museum, and it is singly deficient in the skulls of Dr. Hette, the "American Indian," and several others. Love of approbation presents its peculiar form in the "American Indian," the "Peruvian," and many others. We have the organ of Cautiousness standing forth in its distinctive form in the "Tom-tom boy," and in at least a dozen of other skulls in the Phrenological Collection. Benevolence is clearly defined in the mask of Jacob Jervis. Veneration stands as a predominating organ in the skull of an old woman in Dr. Gall's Collection, of which we have a cast; and it is singly deficient in forty or fifty skulls in our possession. Hope is large, and Veneration deficient, in an "open skull" which I use in my lectures: we have no good specimen of its standing forth as a single prominent organ; but we have many of its single deficiency, presenting a depression of a recognisable form in a specific locality. Firmness stands forth in the casts of D. Haggart, King Robert Bruce, and in many others; while it forms a complete hollow in the head of Mrs. H. Conscientiousness is perfectly defined in the head of Mrs. H., while it is remarkably deficient in the skulls of Bruce and Haggart. Ideality is found well marked in some of the "Greek skulls," and in the poets and artists', while it is extremely deficient in Haggart and the criminals in general.

The same mode of fixing the situations and forms of all the other organs was followed, and above all, the anatomy of the skull was constantly kept in view in the delineations. Many years ago I announced the observation that all the organs lying above the points where ossification commences in the parietal and frontal bones (the centres of the organs of Cautiousness and Causality), belong to the class of the moral sentiments, and all below Cautiousness to the Propensities, and below Causality to the intellect. In observing casts, or living heads, it is of much importance to be guided by these points as land-marks. For example; Ideality lies a little upwards, backwards, and to the side, from Causality. If this rule for finding its position be kept in mind, the observer will never mistake for Ideality, a large organ of Acquisitiveness, although reaching to the top of the lateral aspect of the head, as in William Hare, murderer, because Acquisitiveness, although standing thus high, does not rise above Causality. Its station at the top of the lateral aspect in Hare, and in many other criminals, is owing to the extreme deficiency in them of Ideality, Benevolence, and the other

moral organs which in well constituted brains give height to the moral region.

It is impossible to mark a bust so as to form a correct mechanical guide to the situations of the organs in all heads. The Phrenologist should study the anatomy of the skull, the forms of the organs where they are prominent, and their positions under the particular bones of the skull; and carry this knowledge in his mind, to enable him to judge practically of modifications in living heads. Something similar is done by the physician and surgeon, when examining the body of a patient. They have in their minds a knowledge of the forms, situations, and courses of the bones, arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles, derived from the minute study of them in dead subjects, and their judgment suffices to guide them in estimating the minute modifications which constantly present themselves in every different living individual. Phrenology is a branch of Physiology, and it must be studied and practised according to the rules applicable to the other branches of this science.

To facilitate the study of the anatomy of the skull, there has long been sold by O'Neill a cast of a skull having the organs marked, the original of which was furnished by Dr. Spurzheim at his first visit to Edinburgh in 1815. It remains as he then left it. In the organs of Individuality, Eventuality and Size, therefore, it has not been brought into accordance with his later views; but in other respects it is an excellent guide. Mr. O'Neill published also another cast of the skull with descriptive letter-press, showing the different bones, sutures, and processes. These were executed under the superintendence of the leading phrenologists here, and were extensively advertised by Mr. O'Neill.

Although when one organ stands forth in decided prominence it is easy to recognize its form, and to copy it on a bust, yet it becomes extremely difficult to combine, on any one bust, the several forms of all the organs. As it is impossible to find in a single head all the organs predominant in size, there is no example in nature, of a head marked out, in the manner of the Phrenological Bust. If you imagine that a student of drawing had never seen the human face entire, but only separate eyes, noses, mouths, cheeks, and chins; that a superficies equal to that of the face had been presented to him, within which he was required to delineate the forms of all these parts, and thus to constitute an entire face; and that with this artificial face as his sole guide, another student had proceeded to the practical observation of the situations, forms, sizes, and relative proportions of these features in the different individuals whom he met with in society, he would not have found one that was completely in ac

cordance with his artificial face; and yet in it, the forms and relative proportions of the features might have been delineated so accurately as fairly to represent their aspects in average heads. This example has some analogy to the case of the Phrenological Bust.

In delineating the forms of all the organs on one bust, we must either draw lines corresponding only to the protuberance which each organ presents in those skulls in which it is predominantly large; or draw lines of demarcation as in Mr. O'Neill's bust, according to the shape of the organs, but, to a certain extent arbitrarily as to their precise limits. By the first method, we shall leave blank spaces on the head corresponding to the depressions or flat surfaces between the protuberances. This accordingly, has been done by Dr. Gall (See his Plates 98, 99. 100.), and in the construction of some English busts; but I have heard it complained of, as extremely puzzling to inexperienced observers. The second method of marking was adopted by Dr. Spurzheim, by the Edinburgh Phrenologists, and by Dr. Vimont (see his plates 87, 88, and 89.). The lines in Dr. Vimont's plate 89., representing the back of the head, correspond very closely with those on the Edinburgh Bust. By following this method, the forms of the organs may differ a little, according as the directions of these arbitrary lines are made to vary; and observers should bear in mind that only approximations to absolute truth are attainable in these delineations. But the great practical object is to delineate the organs in their right places; to make their forms approximate as nearly as possible, to their general aspects in nature; and to preserve as nearly as this can be done, their relative proportions. In constructing the Bust of April 1, 1829, the greatest attention was bestowed on these different objects. The execution of this was extremely difficult. The bust occupied the attention of several practical phrenologists, one of them accustomed to draw, for a considerable length of time, and it underwent many minute modifications. To say that it is perfect, would be to contradict the clearest perceptions of its authors; but to affirm that it rests on an extensive variety of observations, and that care and reflection were employed in preparing it, is only to state undeniable facts.

I should not quarrel with Mr. Hytch, or any other phrenologist, who may state specific objections to that Bust. “On the contrary, I should recommend to him to bring out a better, or I should adopt his improvements, when convinced of them. I do regret, that by the manner in which he has treated the subject, he should furnish the enemies of Phrenology with a

But

plausible pretence for affirming that the very elements of accuracy are disregarded in this science of observation.

I am, &c,

GEORGE COMBE.

Note by the Editor. We were intending to make some observations on the markings of the Phrenological Bust, in the present No., and should have then replied to some of Mr. Hytch's objections, which could not be done in the compass of a note attached to his communication. We thank Mr. Combe for anticipating us in this design. Still, we believe that more good than harm will flow from the discussion; for the fact, that the majority of the busts sold in London are exceedingly faulty, ought to be well impressed on students of Phrenology, who are the persons likely to be misled by them. For our own part, we look upon the lines marked upon the Bust almost solely as an aid to memory; and were it not for this advantage, we should prefer a Bust with only numbers marked on the supposed centre of each organ, as externally indicated, without any lines of division. In adopting such lines, we suppose all the organs to have been discovered: are they so?

IV. On Antipathies.- Communicated in a Letter to the Editor, from Sir G. S. MACKENZIE, Bart.

SIR, I venture to bring into the notice of phrenologists a subject neither less curious, nor less interesting, than many others which have arrested their attention; though I regret to say, the observations I have to make are of no further importance than to excite enquiry. Before the true nature of man's constitution was known, those who had antipathies to certain animals and things were ridiculed as affected or silly. Now that we know where to look for the cause of every mental aberration, each becomes a subject of interest, whether we desire its removal, or, when its cure is impossible, to make the patient aware of the cause, with the view to soothe his feelings.

It is sometimes a question, whether aberration arises from original constitution, or from morbid affection. It may be considered that, where it becomes hereditary it becomes previously constitutional; though the hereditary tendency may have originated in morbid affection. I have had under my observation the case of a lady who has the strongest possible antipathy