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mitti pertua DiG Des Zeonmized zay POSEDLY De existence. The editor THELACKS there a beroerte ez fa Hayes to give the reader a tear on if her lyship's drre Di ni pi baat ed T's

Park feste a mimi and graphic

time, not only at her ladyship has Pater, the actual every-day Le of ber statemporanes and use alades to many events of the time which have been so late artikel by xber wri

P. xi. Ne seems to have been severely tried in her domestic STRADO AS avocant of her husband's keper. An innbent, at p. 2000 places her in the same positive is Dodirlage in the case of Clex' "250 a poor man who was tilsely areused, and yet was in danger of wing hinged" More Sternately, however, her own and her husband's exertions succeeded in Julding his acquimal. Sense of ber layship's meditations and redevticas are added; that on the diffenat mazer of the working of the bee and the spider is very striking, the one reminding her of the real Christin, and the other of the formalist. Dr. Walker, in his Memoir, mentions, among the objects of her charity, “10reigners who fod either to preserve

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their religion, or to embrace what they were convinced to be the truth;" and as her death took place before the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, it is to be wished that some of these cases could be traced. If there is rather a sameness in the Diary, owing to its being one of mind, more than of incident, still it exhibits so instructive a picture as to answer the double purpose of encouragement to the earnest, and reproof to the careless. As showing also what is attainable, notwithstanding the discouragements which "high life" presents, it is peculiarly valuable.

Ranew's work, as has been observed, is dedicated to Lady Warwick. In her Diary, at p. 171, she mentions

course.

"after dinner, had with me Mr. Ranew, with whom I had good disHe is described as "sometime minister of Felsted in Essex." The subject of his work on "Meditation" is one which has not been hacknied, and therefore it has an unique character. It contains many striking passages. He describes the office of meditation, as "to replenish the golden candlestick with more and better lights to yield clearer light in the dark heart." (P. 66.) See also the description of self at p. 113, the uses" of meditation at p. 195, and of ordinances at p. 200. The directions in chap. 9, part iii. are very powerful, as are also the expostulations in chap. 4, against the neglect of the practice.

A Guide to Candidates for Holy Orders. By the Rev. C. M. Mount, A.M. Prebendary of Wells. 8vo. pp. 272.--There is hardly any work more desirable or more necessary for a divinity student than one which may exhibit a systematic view of the course of study requisite for him to pursue in order to become an accomplished divine. Without some such carte du pays one branch of reading has a tendency to outgrow another, and the result is apt to be an irregularity and incompleteness of knowledge, which cannot fail to impair the credit and usefulness of the future teacher of religion. Amongst the few sterling books of this kind to be met with in our English theological catalogues we may place that of Mr. Mount, now before us. In it he has condensed the fruits of many years of solid reading, as well as of practical experience in the office of examining chaplain to a bishop (the late Bishop Law, of Bath and Wells); and under the heads of the Criticism, Evidences, Inspiration, &c. of the Holy Scriptures, the Doctrines of the Church of England as opposed to both the Romish and Puritan systems, and the Philosophy of Ecclesiastical History, has produced a masterly sketch of those important subjects, drawn from the more elaborate works of our standard divines. We recommend it, not only as supplying a most useful manual for divinity students, but as affording to general readers a summary of the knowledge essential to constitute a well-instructed member of our Church.

Remarks on Christian G are stones, with working drawings by the Rev. Eccles GENT. MAG. VOL. XXIX.

J. Carter, M.A.-This is a well-meant collection of designs for head and flat stones, intended to supersede the unsightly grave-stones which are in such general use in church-yards. The design of the head-stone comprises a cross, generally inscribed within a circle, and pierced between the arms; there is little room for inscriptions, and the laudatory epitaphs now so frequently in use would be discontinued. We fear the parish stonemason with his stock of upright head and foot stones, with "sacred," kept ready in his yard for immediate use, is the great barrier to the introduction of designs, which, like these, are so much more appropriate in their nature. The flat stones inscribed with crosses are taken from the very numerous examples to be met with, even now, in so many ancient churches: if used, they would require to be raised on pedestals, or the feet of idle boys would soon erase the sacred symbol. We could have wished the author had given a design or two of the simple wooden crosses, with gabled heads, used on the continent; and which after all would carry down the memory of those to whom they are erected till their names were forgotten. common rail, met with in so many country church-yards, has often an inscription of a century old and more; the generality of the tenants of a metropolitan churchyard are scarcely remembered so long. Such a memorial would be simple and appropriate, and would be in reach of a humbler class of persons than more expensive memorials, and be nearly as durable. The subject is deserving of attention, and we are pleased to recognize any attempt to produce an improvement 3 X

The

in a practice which now fills our church-ion of ne who is acquainted with human yards with objects far from agreeable.

Home Life limo. pp. 17.-This little volume of stores, written to us trate Home Life, is evidently the produc

THE ART OF ENAMEL.

ife under its various aspects. It is pleasngly and pointedly written, and the reader's mind may occasionally discern itself here, as in a mirror.

FINE ARTS.

At a meeting of the Society of Arts, on the 12th of April, Mr. Digby Wyat read an interesting dissertation on the Art of Enarse', ancient and modern. After describing the exposition of pare ename! and the nature of the pigments usually employed to colour it, the author proceeded to enumerate the six leading varieties which had been adopted at various periods in the history of the art to unite the vitreous paste with its metalic base, en leavouring as far as possible to describe each genus in the language of sɔm, eintemporary authonty. The first, or Byzantine process-which obtained through out the Eastern Empire from probably the time of Justinian down to about the year 1300-was illustrate i from the particulars furnished by Theophilus, the celebrated artist-monk of the eleventh or twelfth century; and its chief peculiarity appeared to have been the formation of casements, or cavities, for the reception of the enamel by means of gold filigree. The second, or early Limoges stylewhich was so much practised in that city from probably the eleventh century until the frightful siege and massacre by the Black Prince-was described from a comparison of the notices of Mr. Albert Way with those of MM. Petit, Dussieux, Pottier, and the Ab' é Texier; and would seem to have substituted for the filigree compartments of the Byzantine mode excisions formed in the thick copperplate by the graver. The third, or early Italian mode-practised for probably some fifty years before the days of Ugolino Veri, the artist who executed the celebrated shrine in Orvieto Cathedral, in the year 1338, and carried by subsequent goldsmiths and enamellers down to the end of the sixteenth century-was detailed from descriptions given by Vasari, and Benvenuto Cellini, about the middle of that century. It appears to have held a midway position between the ancient "champ levé" or incised and the painted enamels afterwards produced; consisting in engraving silver after the manner of medallic relief, and then floating over it with variously coloured transparent pastes. Benvenuto was said to have, if not invented, at least been the first to describe the improvement that took place about the beginning of the sixteenth century in the art, which consti

tuted what Mr. Wyatt called jewellers' enamel. It consisted in using as a vehicle, with the glass-powder employed to cover small gold or silver objects in the round

This

or in the high-st relief," water in which pips of peirs had been steeped. Leid the paste in its place until vitrification took place, and was yet so delicate a cement as in no degree to interfere with the perfect purity of the enamel. The nith or “*late Limoges ” variety was described as having sprung at once, fully armed, from the brain of that Jupiter of ena.nel workers, Leonard Limousin, under the auspices of Francis the First; and differed from its predecessors chiefly in entirely covering the surface of the metal with an opaque paste, and then painting on that with transparent colours, regaining the effect of a translucent ground by applying silver leaf in particular situations, fastening it with a glass of colourless enamel, and then tinting over it. These peculiarities, as well as the "peinture grisátre" and touching with gold, were illustrated from the manuscripts published by M. Maurice Ardent, of Limoges. This style appears to have dwindled into nonentity under the hands of the Nouailhers, a family who lived (they can scarcely be said to have flourished) during the latter part of the seventeenth century. In connexion with the detail of the sixth and last process, the miniature style, honourable allusion was made to the labours of Sir Theodore de Mayerne (whose manuscript we may shortly hope to see published under the auspices of Mr. Heindrie) and his connexion with Petitot, the principal and best known of this school of art. The improvements effected in this style would seem to have been a great enrichment of the palette by the addition of new pigments, the power of multiplying the number of firings, and graduating the succession of tiuts, their hardness and fusibility, by the addition of fluxes, &c. Unhappily, the mystery which many selfish artists have thrown over their modes of procedure renders them exceedingly difficult to analyse or describe.-Mr. Wyatt then gave a rapid sketch of the history of the art; and concluded by expressing an earnest hope that we may ere long adopt and fully carry out the ol** mille ages

of the

ARCHITECTURE.

INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.

March 6. C. Fowler, esq. V.P. in the chair.

A paper was read, by J. Fergusson, esq. "On the Ancient Buddhist Architecture of India." Mr. Fergusson commenced by showing that the generally assumed primeval antiquity of Indian buildings was not borne ont by facts; as the oldest monuments in the country, whether cut in the rock or structural, belonged to the Buddhists, and the founder of that re.. ligion died only 543 B.C.: and that even that date was too early, as it did not become the religion of the state till after 250 B.C. in the reign of Asoka,-by whom the earliest monuments hitherto found in India had been erected. After showing that there was no real similarity between the architectural styles of Egypt and India, he proceeded to point out that the latter country was occupied by two distinct races of people,-the one aboriginal, and occupying the southern portion of the Peninsula; while the other, or Indo-Germanic race, come into the country, at a tolerably recent period, as conquerors or colonists, and settled in the valleys of the Indus and Ganges. It was among the latter race that the Buddhist religion arose and flourished for more than a thousand years, or from before 250 B.C. till after 750 A.D.,-though at the time of the Mohammedan invasion it seems to have been entirely extinct; and now there was not a Buddhist, or an institution of that religion, in the country of its birth. After alluding to the curious fact of the names of Ptolemy Antiochus, and other Greek kings, being mentioned in the inscription of this Asoka, Mr. Fergusson dwelt for some time on the existence of a purely Greek honeysuckle ornament being found on the pillars set up by this king at Allahabad, and on which one of his inscriptions is engraved. He then proceeded to classify the religious edifices of the Buddhists, dividing them into three classes, the first being the topes, or Dagobas, large domical buildings erected to contain relics, many of which still exist in Afghanistan and Ceylon as well as India. After describing the various parts of a dagoba, Mr. Fergusson showed how the tee, or ornament on the top of them, gradually became taller and taller, till it became a three or nine-storied tower, not only in India, but in China, -as in the instance of the celebrated Porcelain Tower at Nankin. The circular inclosure of the topes was next illustrated, from a curious

example at Sanchee, in Bhopal, which still retains its singular gateways. These likewise were shown to be the original of the Pailoos, or what are improperly called the triumphal arches of the Chinese. The next class of monuments were the Chaityas, or churches, which in India are known to us only from the caves; as are also the third class or Viharas, or monasteries, which served as residences for the priests, and of which two or more are attached to every Chaitya in every series of caves in India. After pointing out their general plans and arrangements, Mr. Fergusson proceeded to illustrate the beautiful mode in which the chaitya caves were lighted by one large opening or window over the entrance; and then explained the construction of the roofs,which, though always circular in form, were never copies of arches (which were not to be found in India till long after the Mohammedan invasion), but of wooden construction; and in some of the earlier caves the original wood-work still existed, though in the more modern ones its forms were repeated in the rock. After concluding the Indian part of his subject, Mr. Fergusson pointed out the striking similarity that existed between the arrangement of the buildings he had been describing and those of Stonehenge,— which he had no doubt whatever was a Buddhist building; and he thought every part of that hitherto mysterious erection admitted of easy explanation on that supposition. He concluded by showing how domes were constructed in India; and pointed out the similarity that exis ted between the Indian examples and the well-known tomb at Mylase, in Asia Minor-and the curious circumstance that the hog-backed Lycian tombs, discovered by Sir Charles Fellows, strongly resembled, not only in form, but in construction, those Indian buildings which had formed the subject of the lecture; while the language of the inscriptions on them was a dialect of the Sanscrit, about as far removed from the mother tongue as that found on inscriptions in the Indian examples.

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rative Pavement in the chancel of Monks' Risborough Church, Bucks, an example of great value in the disposition of encaustic tiles.

The Secretary, Mr. J. W. Hewett, of Trinity college, read some notes on the churches of St. Peter and St. Giles, Cambridge, illustrated with drawings.

Feb. 5. At a special meeting, the following were elected to serve as officers for the ensuing year: President.-Rev. G. Williams, M.A. King's college. Vice President.-J. Simpson, B.A. Trinity college. Treasurer.-Rev. J. Frere, M.A. Trinity college, Rector of Cottenham. Secretaries. Rev. W. Martin, M.A. Corpus Christi college, J. W. Hewett, Trinity college. Ordinary Members of the Committee.--A. W. Franks, Trinity college; F. C. Woodhouse, St. John's college; E. D. Kershaw, Trinity college.

C. R. Manning, B.A. late one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society, was elected to be one of its corresponding secretaries for the county of Norfolk.

Mr. J. W. Hewett exhibited to the meeting the designs, prepared by Mr. Wades, for "The Bachelors' and Undergraduates' window" at Ely, and expressed his hope that their execution would not be hindered by the want of the necessary funds. The estimated expenses are 3001. of which little more than 2001. had as yet been subscribed.

Feb. 18. Mr. F. C. Woodhouse, of St. John's college, read a paper "On the History and Ecclesiology of St. John's College Chapel," illustrated with drawings and plans (since published).

Mr. J. W. Hewett, of Trinity college, one of the Secretaries, read a paper "On the Arrangement of Parish Churches,” (also published) after which a conversation ensued, and several authorities and instances were adduced in support of his remarks. Mr. Hewett then gave an ac count of a visit to the interesting churches of Toft, Kingston, Caldecott, and Bourn, the latter deserving of particular attention.

March 3. The President read a valuable paper On Proportion in Gothic Architecture," communicated by the Rev. P. Freeman, Principal of the Diocesan College, Chichester. It contained an examination of the theory propounded by Mr. Griffith in his recent work, "Ancient Gothic Churches, their Proportions and Chromatics," and an application of it to several mediæval and classical structures. The paper was illustrated by a considerable number of diagrams, and it has been since published at the expense of the Society.

March 17. The President gave an interesting history and description of the church of St. Mary at Jerusalem, built by the Emperor Justinian, circa A.D. 535, but now a mosk called El-Aksa. The account of its erection is given by Cyril, the monk of Scythopolis, and by Procopius. It stands southward of the area once occupied by the Jewish Temple, where now is the well-known Saracenic Building-the Mosk of Omar, or "Dome of the Rock." Vast substructions were made to raise its foundations level with this area, and the church itself-a nave with aisles and transepts-was of vast dimensions, dazzling glory, and costly adornment. Theodore, a most distinguished architect, had the honour of its erection; and Barachus, a Bishop of Bacathi, was overseer of the work. When Jerusalem was taken by the Saracens, under Omar, St. Mary's was converted into a mosk, and held by them in only less reverence than the "Dome of the Rock." Between 775 and 785 Al-Mahadi almost rebuilt it, altering its character materially; he reduced its length and increased its width by adding two aisles on either side. Jerusalem was recaptured by the Crusaders A.D. 1099, and in 1119 Baldwin I. the king gave the church, under the name of the Palace or Temple of Solomon, to "the poor fellow-soldiers of Jesus Christ," a voluntary association of noble knights for the protection of Christian pilgrims, and the original of the illustrious order of the Templars, who indeed derived their latter name from this venerable building. Saladin again took the city in 1187, and the church of St. Mary once more passed to the Moslems, by whom it is still retained; it nevertheless to this day exhibits, exterually, a Christian character, having a long, high-pitched roof, and a clerestory, aisles, and transepts, all sufficiently well defined. Its length is 260 feet, and width 1×0. Beneath is a double-vaulted passage, evidently part of the substructions before mentioned.

March 31. Mr. Hewett read a paper "On the Ancient Crosses incised on the Chiltern Hills at Monks' Risborough and Bledlow, in the county of Buckingham," communicated by the Rev. A. Baker, of Aylesbury, Hon. Sec. to the Architectural and Archaeological Society for the county of Bucks, and Corresponding Secretary to this Society. The paper was illustrated by drawings and diagrams.

The next meeting is proposed to be held on the 12th of May.

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