When an individual originally encephalic passes into the abdominal, he preserves something of his original state. This variety is more frequent in large towns than in the country, and in Germany, Holland, and England, than in France.

5. Or cranio-thoracic, is known by the head and chest being relatively much larger than the abdomen, and by its powerful dense muscles, and moral and physical force.

6. The cranio-abdominal presents the head and abdomen largely developed, and a chest small and contracted. The muscles are moderate in size, and plentifully interspersed with cellular substance, whence arise the rounded form and softness of the female.

7. Or thoracico-abdominal, presents the small head and ample thorax and abdomen, with large muscles, bones, and cellular membrane. It is well fitted for patient endurance of fatigue. It is more frequent in Asia and Africa than in America or Europe.

Such are the chief varieties of the temperaments, and such the physical marks by which they may be distinguished; but in many cases, says Dr Thomas, we require to look only at the face to discover the constitution. The forehead indicates the proportion of the encephalon; the part between the forehead and mouth is in general in harmony with the development of the thorax, and the lower part, including the mouth, chin, and inferior portion of the cheeks, is in relation with that of the abdominal organs; and hence the relative proportion of these parts to each other serves as an index to the particular temperament.

Having now pointed out the chief differences of natural constitution, let us inquire how far the classification at which we have arrived coincides with the phenomena.

In infancy and childhood we observe a manifest predominance of the encephalon and abdomen, with a small and narrow thorax. In accordance with this we observe the healthy child display, relatively speaking, astonishing energy of passion, and greater power of seeking and acquiring knowledge, than is found

at any other period of life. We find it also restless and mobile, and in constant pursuit of variety to gratify a number of faculties. Looking next to the abdominal development, we find the child not only eating often and much, but digesting vigorously, and deriving strength and nourishment from its food. Hence the diseases of infancy are almost peculiar to these two groups of organs, viz. convulsions and inflam mation of the brain or its membranes, epilepsy, affections of the bowels, worms, diarrhoea, tympanites, &c.

In youth general growth takes place, and shortly the thorax begins to enlarge, the physical powers to unfold themselves, and the voice to change, but the head still retains its supremacy. From the age of twenty to that of thirty the cranio-thoracic is in its fullest sway; the moral and physical energy is then great, and a man shows what he is afterwards to become. It is then that genius forces its way against all obstacles. After thirty a kind of maturity or equalization begins to take place between the three great cavities, and from the gradual development of the abdomen the temperament changes to the mixed, and in old age becomes chiefly abdominal. Of course there are numerous individual exceptions, but this is the general order.

In men the cranio-thoracic and in women the cranio-abdominal is more frequent. In women the head and the thorax are generally small relatively to the abdomen. But it is not only to different ages and sexes, but even to different species of animals, that the preceding rules are applicable. We may compare the large head of the shepherd's dog with the smaller head, but enormous thorax and small abdomen, of the greyhound; or the relative proportions of the three great cavities in the Flanders horse and in the racehorse, and the striking differences in the size of the organs will be not less apparent than the differences of function or constitution. If we compare, in the same way, the same cavities in the ox or in the sheep, the same coincidence will arrest the attention in a moment.

Different temperaments enjoy very different degrees of health, and are subject to different kinds of disease. The marked encephalic is very prone to over exercise the brain, and to give rise to convulsive and nervous diseases, hypochondriasis, and mania. From leaving the thorax and abdomen, naturally feeble, unexcited by sufficient supply of nerv ous energy, the encephaic is subject also to asthma, bad digestion, and its numerous train of concomitant evils. The marked thoracic, on the other hand, is subject to all the diseases of excited circulation, such as inflammation and rheumatism. The abdominal enjoys on the whole good health and vegetative existence, and his diseases are slow and of long duration.

A knowledge of the constitutions or temperaments of individuals is exceedingly advantageous in regulating the choice of their profession, manner of living, and general conduct. A due degree of exercise favours the nutrition of an organ, increases its power and facility of function, while deficient exercise leads to imperfect nutrition and debility of function, and too much leads to an irritable and unsteady action, speedily degenerating into disease. To preserve the advantages conferred by a mixed temperament, therefore, a due balance must be preserved in the exercise and repose of all parts of the system, and none must be left to languish in inaction.

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The cranial or encephalic temperament is one of the most disposed to excess and to disease; and when very marked, it is almost always accompanied by discontent, melancholy, and sleeplessness. To obviate those inconveniences, we must moderate the exercise of the brain, in never allowing study or thinking to continue to fatigue; in removing all the exciting causes of great passions, and in employing, on the other hand, the muscles in walking, running, mechanics, hunting, gardening, &c. A cheerful residence in a pleasant country, avoiding solitude, heat, and cold, are very ef fectual with the same view. The tepid bath is most useful

in moderating the dryness and inaction of the skin, and thus diminishing cerebral excitement. Vegetables, fruits, animal jellies, eggs, and all easily-digestible substances which furnish much chyle, and develope the abdominal organs, are advantageous; and tea, coffee, and stimulants, are hurtful. Wine ought to be sparingly used, and always diluted. The meals ought to be small and frequent, and followed by repose and rest, as thinking in the encephalic impedes digestion. Sleep is of great consequence to preserve the health of the encephalic.

The thoracic temperament, although less liable to diseases, requires to avoid excesses as well as the encephalic; for al though the individual can undergo great physical labour, yet, if he goes beyond his strength, the effects are proportionally severe and speedy in their progress. He thinks with difficulty, and when circumstances excite and keep up in him strong and violent passions, his brain is very apt to become affected. The thoracic development ought in general to be encouraged by a proper attention to exercise and diet; when in excess, it may be gradually moderated by repose, by forc ing study for a short time, and gradually extending it; by exciting the brain and abdomen, in short, at the expense of the thorax. It is the thoracic constitution that is peculiarly subject to inflammation, to rheumatism, &c. and that bears blood-letting without injury.

The abdominal temperament is the most unfavourable, and its subjects are generally inactive and feeble-minded. When it is perceived in early life, it may be diminished or remedied by removing abdominal, and employing thoracic and cerebral stimuli. Frugality, slender repasts, fibrinous meats, drinks which excite the brain, especially active physical exercises, short sleep, and forced study, properly managed, produce the best effects. Every disease in this temperament is complicated with abdominal disturbance. The other compound temperaments may be estimated and regulated from the preceding observations.

The length to which this article has already extended prevents us from saying more than that it is an incalculable advantage to arrive at the causes on which temperaments and their varieties depend, as it is only then, for the first time, that we can adopt rational measures for securing the advantages and modifying the imperfections attendant upon each. Our own experience is strongly in favour of Dr Thomas's accuracy; and already we can perceive innumerable applications to be made of his principles to the purposes of education, medicine, and philosophy; and without quarrelling at all with him for not being à Phrenologist, in the widest sense of that word; we cannot but express our obligations to him for much useful knowledge, and, in terminating our analysis, transfer to our pages the following practical remarks on the mode of changing one temperament into another. They rest entirely on the principle of exciting the weaker organs which we wish to predominate, and on condemning to repose those which are already too strong.

1. The change of temperament is most easily obtained at the time when the period of life naturally modifies it. In man, the cranio-abdominal child easily becomes cranial between 7 and 14, or cranio-thoracic between 15 and 25, or mixed or thoracic between 25 and 35, dr thoracico-abdominal between 35 and 45.

2. The development of a particular temperament is obtained with a facility proportioned to the natural proximity of the one sought for to that already existing. It is difficult for us to make an abdominal become encephalic; but it is not so difficult to convert a mixed into a decidedly thoracic.

3. The organs to be developed must be exercised gradually and in proportion to their natural force. If too little or too much exercised, they become diseased, languid, or exhausted.

4. That one organ may be developed by exercise, all the rest must be as much as possible in a state of repose. There are even some organs that cannot be exercised freely if the