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her death to the latter, who in the meanwhile was invested with the regency of Lucca, which however was to revert to Tuscany as soon as the death of the Austrian Maria Louisa had reinstated the Spanish Maria Louisa and her son upon the throne of Parma. The latter princess was succeeded, March 13, 1824, by her son Charles Louis, who had married in 1820 a daughter of the Sardinian king, Charles Albert. This prince spent most of his time abroad. Ward (died in 1858), an English groom who left Yorkshire as a boy in the pay of Prince Liechtenstein, and spent some years as a jockey in Vienna, ingratiated himself with the duke of Lucca, who promoted him from the stable to his household as valet, which service he performed up to 1846, when he was made master of the horse. Eventually he officiated as minister of the household and minister of finance, and was the ruling spirit of the duchy, until the abdication of the duke in 1848, afterward joining the service of the duke of Parma. Shortly after the outbreak of the Italian movement in 1847, the duke ceded Lucca (with the exception of some minor parts reverting to Modena and Parma) to Tuscany, to which it was officially annexed (Oct. 11, 1847) about two months previous to the time when it naturally must have been allotted to that country in consequence of the death of Napoleon's widow Maria Louisa, which, by vacating the throne of Parma for the Spanish family, terminated their rule in Lucca. It remained a province of the grand duchy of Tuscany until March, 1860, when, together with that part of Italy, it was annexed to Sardinia.

LUCCHESINI, GIROLAMO, marquis of, a Prussian statesman, born in Lucca in 1752, died in Florence, Oct. 19, 1825. He was descended from a patrician family of Lucca. Being introduced through the abbé Fontana to Frederic II. of Prussia, he was employed by that monarch as librarian and reader. Afterward he officiated in diplomatic capacities for the Prussian court in Rome and Warsaw. Schlosser says: "This minister, who afterward, in connection with Lombard and Haugwitz, formed the triumvirate of the cabinet of Berlin, which proved so injurious to Germany, and finally to Prussia herself, then (about 1790) put in practice his genuine Italian diplomatic arts in Warsaw. He succeeded that year in concluding an alliance between the former power and Poland, but labored two years afterward as assiduously in subverting the alliance as he had in effecting it. From 1793 to 1797 he was ambassador in Vienna, and then, until Sept. 1802, in Paris. Subsequently he proceeded to Milan to meet Napoleon at his coronation there, and after having been with the king of Prussia during the battle of Jena, by means of his former acquaintance with the French emperor he procured the signing of a truce, which was rejected by the king. Lucchesini tendered his resignation, and afterward was chamberlain at the court of Napoleon's sister Elisa while she was grand

duchess of Tuscany. He wrote Sulle cause e gli effetti della confederazione Renana, &c. (German translation, Leipsic, 1821-5), and various other works.

LUCENA, a Spanish town in Andalusia, about 30 m. S. S. E. from Cordova; pop. about 16,000. It is chiefly inhabited by an agricultural population and provincial gentry. Manufactures of coarse linens, earthenware, &c., are carried on. In the environs are esteemed medicinal baths.

LUCERN, one of the principal leguminous plants used in field husbandry, of the genus medicago and natural order of fabacea. The word is supposed to have its derivation in a corruption of the Languedoc word lauserda, the plant being for centuries esteemed in France, and likewise cultivated in Spain under the name of alfalfa. For forage, it was not at one time well received in England, owing probably to some unsuitableness of the moist climate. The clovers (trifolium spp.) are much more highly esteemed, according to Loudon, who indeed says that the red clover (T. pratense) for mowing, and the white clover (Î. repens) for pasturage, excel all other plants in this respect. In this country the red clover will also endure a severer climate than the lucern, the latter requiring greater heat and sunshine; but in a latitude equally suited to both plants it would be difficult to say which should have the preference. In some respects the lucern is decidedly superior, as in being perennial and consequently remaining longer in the soil. As a crop, lucern is as abundant as red clover, and whether green or dry is equally relished by cattle, while its yield of green fodder continues later in the season than that of red clover. There seems to be some diversity of opinion respecting lucern in different parts of the United States. It has been highly recommended as a plant fitted to the field culture of Massachusetts; yet we are informed by Dr. Darlington that it does not find much favor with the farmers of Pennsylvania, being now rarely seen there, though formerly cultivated on a small scale as fodder. He adds that its enlture is successful in New Mexico, where it is cut several times in the season. ("American Weeds and Useful Plants," New York, 1859.) As early as 1793 and 1794 Chancellor Livingston made experiments with it as a forage crop, and spoke favorably of its merits in a paper published in the "Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture," &c. (Albany, 1801). The late John Lowell of Massachusetts commended it in several articles, to be found in the 7th and 8th volumes of the "New England Farmer," for the years 1828'30; and running through several successive years of the same journal may be found valuable remarks on its culture and uses. As late as 1857 Mr. Flint, in his fourth report as secretary of the Massachusetts board of agriculture, brings it before the attention of farmers in that state. It seems to be generally agreed that it

is useless to sow lucern upon poor sandy or gravelly soils, or on wet clays. In a good, rich, loamy soil, its roots strike down to a great depth, enabling it to resist drought and produce very profitable crops for from 5 to 10 or 12 years. It is conjectured that the failures in its cultivation have been owing to want of a proper attention to the preparation of the ground. In Europe it is customary to highly manure the field for 2 or 3 crops preceding the raising of the lucern, and to deeply plough and trench; it is thought necessary to have it clear of weeds, and for this purpose two successive crops of turnips are employed in getting it ready. Nearly the same practice is recommended in this country, as it is said that after lucern has been grown a few years on the same soil, the latter should be broken up and cultivated with some other crop or laid down to the natural grasses a length of time equal to that during which it had previously remained in lucern, when it can be safely sown with it again. Several of the leguminous plants seem to benefit rather than exhaust the ground on which they grow, as seen in the good results arising from the common locust tree when it is induced to grow upon thin soils, and in other instances. It has been conjectured that much of their nourishment is derived from the atmosphere, and that their leaves, stems, and roots are enabled to add to the soil in greatly increased proportions. The system of fallowing used abroad is, according to Liebig, practically to expose the land to a progressive disintegration by means of the atmosphere, for the purpose of rendering a certain quantity of alkalies capable of being appropriated by plants; and a careful tilling of fallow land increases and accelerates this disintegration. For the purposes of agriculture it is quite indifferent whether the land is covered with weeds and with such plants as do not abstract the potash of the soil. Many species of the leguminosa contain remarkably small quantities of alkali or salts in general, and not so much as one per cent. of the phosphates of lime and magnesia. Such plants belong to that class which are called fallow crops, and the reason why they do not exercise any injurious influence on the grasses and grains that are cultivated immediately after them, is that they do not extract the alkalies of the soils and only a very small quantity of the phosphates. In this way the lucern has performed an important office for the fields where it has been raised; and soils which would bear only a medium crop of wheat at first, have produced a greatly increased quantity after being laid down to lucern a few years until it had enriched them. It is best to cut lucern as soon as it begins to flower, or even earlier, when it is neither too succulent to cure readily, nor so coarse, hard, and woody as to be unpalatable to cattle. When cut and fed green it is an exceedingly valuable plant for soiling cattle, or it may be cut and cured and used like clover hay; but

in either case it must be cut before blossoming. The stem of lucern is erect; its leaves consist of 3 obovate-oblong, dentate leaflets, having lanceolate subdentate stipules; the numerous flowers are borne on racemes, are of a pale blue, violet, or purple color, and are succeeded by spirally twisted, finely reticulated, several-seeded pods. It is recognized as a species known to the ancients, being the medick (undikn) of Theophrastus, and the medica of Pliny. The lucern of Switzerland, which is found to succeed upon poor soils, is quite another species (M. falcata), a native of Europe, on dry mountainous pastures, and a coarse and hardy kind.

LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern), a central canton of Switzerland, bounded N. by Aargau, N. E. by Zug, E. by Schwytz, S. by Unterwalden and Bern, and W. by Bern; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 132,843, mostly Roman Catholics. The southern part of the canton belongs to the basin of the Reuss, and the N. part to that of the Aar. The former river flows through the lake of Lucerne. The other principal sheets of water are the Sempach and Baldeg (or Heideg) lakes. The canton is not mountainous excepting at its S. extremity, on the borders of Unterwalden and the Bernese Oberland, where however even the highest peaks of Mount Pilatus do not attain the limits of perpetual snow. The group of which this mountain consists is situated S. W. of the town of Lucerne, extending for nearly 30 m. along the borders of Lucerne and Unterwalden. The highest of the 7 peaks of this group are the Tomlishorn (about 6,900 feet) and the Esel (6,700). The soil is fertile, and yields more corn than is needed for the population. The rearing of cattle, however, is the principal branch of industry. Fruit trees abound, and the vine is cultivated to some extent. There are also some manufactures of linen, cotton, and other goods, and some commerce is carried on with Italy by the St. Gothard pass. The canton sends 7 members to the national council of Switzerland. The lake of Pilatus, which is associated with this canton by several historians of the middle ages, has been recently drained. The canton early joined the Swiss confederation. After 1830 it belonged to the so called "regenerated cantons," but its liberal constitution was overthrown in 1841 by the "theocratico-ochlocratic" party, which led to the bringing in of the Jesuits in 1844, and the war of the Sonderbund in 1847

Lucerne being the head and centre of the 7 Catholic cantons. (See SWITZERLAND.)-LUCERNE, the capital, situated at the N. W. extremity of the lake of Lucerne, in sight of the snowy Alps of Schwytz and Engelberg, and 10 m. from Mount Rigi, is traversed by the river Reuss, and connected through the central Swiss railway with the principal towns of Switzerland; pop. in 1850, 10,068. The town is surrounded by a circle of ancient watch towers, and is walled in on the land side. The chief curiosities of Lucerne are the bridges which

span the Reuss, viz.: the mill bridge, which is decorated with paintings nearly obliterated of the "Dance of Death," the Reussbrücke, and the Kapellbrücke. Against the timbers supporting the roof of the last are suspended nearly 80 pictures illustrative of the patron saints of the town and of Swiss history. The Hofbrücke, the largest bridge, was removed in 1852. Commerce and industry are not very extensive. Near Lucerne is the monument erected in 1821 in honor of the Swiss guards who fell in the defence of the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792, the model for which was designed by Thorwaldsen.-LAKE LUCERNE (called VierWaldstädter-See, "lake of the four forest cantons," from the cantons of Uri, Unterwalden, Schwytz, and Lucerne, which form its shores) lies at a height of about 1,400 feet above the level of the sea, and branches in different directions, its various bays being named after the chief places situated on them. The W. branch is thus called the lake of Lucerne; the bay of Alpnach is on the S., that of Küssnacht on the N., and Buochs stretches E. and W.; while the bay of Uri constitutes the E. end of the lake. The total length is about 25 m.; the breadth varies greatly. Its scenery is superb. The patriotic (according to recent criticisms, legendary) deeds of William Tell took place on its shores. Perched on a cliff of the bay of Küssnacht is the ruined castle of New Hapsburg, and near it a fortress which belonged to the counts of Hapsburg, the progenitors of the imperial Austrian dynasty. The lake is visited by violent gales, blowing at the same time from opposite quarters of the compass in different parts of it.

LUCHETTO DA GENOVA. See CAMBIASO. LUCIAN (Lat. Lucianus, Gr. Aovkιavos), one of the wittiest and most voluminous of Greek authors, born in Samosata, Syria, about A. D. 120, died in Egypt about 200. His parents being too poor to give him a learned education, he was apprenticed when about 14 years of age to his maternal uncle, a reputable sculptor in his native city. Receiving a severe flogging for an act of carelessness, he returned home, and devoted himself to the study of rhetoric and literature. He travelled for some time in Ionia, and having completed his studies began to practise as an advocate at Antioch; but, meeting with no success, he was driven to writing speeches for others, instead of delivering them himself. He next visited the greater part of Greece, Italy, and Gaul, giving lectures in the cities. At Athens he made himself familiar with the Attic dialect, and cultivated an acquaintance with the philosopher Demonax. In Gaul he appears to have remained for several years, and here he chiefly gained his professional reputation, and made himself rich. On returning to his native country, he applied himself to writing, but still travelled occasionally, visiting Ionia and Achaia about A. D. 160 or 165, and Paphlagonia about 170. While in Paphlagonia he planned various contrivances

for exposing the impostures of the pseudoprophet Alexander, who accordingly ordered the crew of the vessel in which Lucian was returning home to throw him overboard. From this fate he was saved only by the intervention of the captain, who had him conveyed out of the ship and set on shore. In his latter days he was appointed procurator of part of Egypt, and was in expectation of a proconsulship when he died.-The works of Lucian are of a very miscellaneous character. The best known are his "Dialogues," compositions exhibiting various degrees of merit, and every variety of style, from sober seriousness to the broadest humor and buffoonery. They are in general directed against the gods, philosophers, and absurdities of paganism, which, according to Suidas, procured him the surname of the Blasphemer. In the "Sale of the Philosophers" the founders of the different sects are put up to auction, Hermes being the auctioneer. Pythagoras brings 10 mine; Diogenes, with his rags and cynicism, but 2 oboli; for Democritus and Heraclitus there are no bidders; Socrates is knocked down to Dion of Syracuse for 2 talents; Epicurus goes for 2 minæ; Chrysippus the stoic is bought for 12; while Pyrrho, whose price is not mentioned, persists in doubting whether he has been disposed of or not, even after having been sold, paid for, and delivered. "The Banquet, or Lapithæ," is one of the most humorous of all Lucian's dialogues. The scene is a wedding feast at which a representative of each of the principal philosophic sects is a guest. The unlettered portion of the company behave with propriety; but the philosophers commence a discussion which ends in a pitched battle. The "Dialogues of the Dead " have found numerous and distinguished modern imitators, including Fontenelle, Voltaire, and Lord Lyttelton. The earlier editions of Lucian's works are those of Florence (1496) and Venice (1503). The best are those of Hemsterhuis and Reitz (3 vols. 4to., Amsterdam, 1743), and Lehmann (9 vols. 8vo., Leipsic, 1821-31). There is an incomplete English version by Dr. Thomas Franklin (4 vols. 8vo., London, 1781); a much superior German one by Wieland (6 vols. 8vo., Leipsic, 1788-'9); a French translation by De Ballu (6 vols., 8vo., Paris, 1788); an Italian translation by Manzi (1819-20); and an English version of the entire works by William Tooke (2 vols. 4to., London, 1820).

LUCIAN, SAINT, a Greek presbyter and theologian, born in Samosata, Syria, about the middle of the 3d century, died in Nicomedia, Bithynia, in 312. Having lost both his parents when 12 years old, he distributed his property to the poor, and removed to Edessa, where he was baptized, and became the pupil of Macarius, a Christian famed for his biblical learning. Having been admitted to orders, he repaired to Antioch, and there opened a theological school, attended by numerous students. He was excommunicated for heresy by 3 successive bishops of Antioch, and remained without the pale

of the church for several years. He was in fact the founder of Arianism, and even the great leader who subsequently gave name to that form of doctrine did not disdain to avow himself his disciple, as is evident from a letter addressed by him to Eusebius of Nicomedia, in which he calls that prelate "fellow Lucianist." Lucian finally submitted himself to the authority of the church, and attained a higher reputation for learning and piety than ever. In the persecution under Maximinus, having been arrested in Antioch, he was transported by land to Nicomedia, and put to the torture, soon after which he died in prison. He was enrolled in the calendar of the church as a saint and a martyr. He was the author of two short treatises on the Christian faith, and of some letters, all of which have perished, except one fragment, preserved in the "Alexandrian Chronicle." His greatest work was a revision of the Septuagint, which was generally used in the eastern churches.

LUCIFER (Lat., the bringer of light), the name of the planet Venus, when it is a morning star, Hesperus being its name when it appears in the evening. In Greek mythology, Lucifer was the son of Astræus and Aurora, and together with the Hours had charge of the horses and the chariot of the Sun.-Lucifer is also one of the names of the devil, being applied to him from an allegorical interpretation by the church fathers of a passage (Isaiah xiv. 12) in which the king of Babylon is likened to the morning star.

LUCIFER, bishop of Cagliari, died about 370. In 354 he was sent by Liberius, bishop of Rome, as legate to the council of Milan, to uphold, in conjunction with Eusebius of Vercelli, the cause of the Catholic church against the Arian emperor Constantius. In consequence of the firmness with which he withstood the wishes of Constantius, he was arrested, and carried from place to place as an exile, suffering great hardships. While residing at Eleutheropolis, in Palestine, he composed his principal work, entitled Ad Constantium Augustum pro Sancto Athanasio. On the death of Constantius Lucifer was restored to freedom, and commissioned by the council of Alexandria to aid in healing the disorders which afflicted the church of Antioch in consequence of the supposed Arianism of Meletius its bishop. His violence, however, only increased those disorders, and exposed him to the censure of his best friends. Chafing under the rebuke, and disgusted with the moderation of his party, he retired in 363 to his native island of Sardinia, and there founded a small sect called Luciferiani, whose most distinguishing characteristic was inveterate hostility to Arianism. The first edition of his works appeared at Paris in 1568; the best is that of the Coleti (Venice, 1778).

LUCILIUS, CAIUS, a Latin poet, born in Suessa, a city of the Aurunci, in 148, died in Naples in 103 B. C. He served at a very early age under the younger Scipio in Spain, and is said

to have been maternal grand-uncle of Pompey the Great. He was one of the fathers of Latin poetry, and, if not absolutely the inventor of Roman satire, he was at least the first to mould it into that form which received full development in the hands of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. The satires of Lucilius (as they are collectively called, though many of them appear not to have been of a satirical character) originally consisted of 30 books, of which over 800 fragments are still extant, the greater number however consisting of single lines or isolated couplets, and the longest of them extending to only 13 verses. The fragments of Lucilius were originally collected by Robert and Henry Stephens, and published in the Fragmenta Poetarum Veterum Latinorum (Paris, 1564).

LUCINA (Gr. Eidetovia, Ilithyia), the goddess who, among the Greeks and Romans, was supposed to preside at the birth of children. According to the Hesiodic theogony, she was a daughter of Jupiter and a sister of Hebe and Mars, but in later times she was regarded as identical with Juno or Diana. Her principal places of worship were Rome, Crete, and Athens. On her festival, celebrated March 1, the matrons adorned her temples with flowers and prayed for fecundity, an easy delivery, and a fortunate posterity. Her worship was probably founded among the Dorians in Crete, and thence spread over Delos and Attica. Her birthplace, according to Cretan tradition, was a cave in the territory of Cnossus; others believed that she came from the Hyperboreans.

LÜCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, a German theologian, born in Egeln, near Magdeburg, Aug. 23, 1792, died in Göttingen, Feb. 14, 1855. He studied at the universities of Halle and Göttingen, where Knapp, Gesenius, and Planck were among his teachers. His first published work was De Ecclesia Apostolica (Göttingen, 1813), a prize essay. In 1813 he became tutor in the theological faculty of Göttingen. In 1816 he went as Privatdocent to Berlin, attracted especially by the reputation of Schleiermacher, who henceforth numbered him among his warmest friends and greatest admirers, though Lücke can hardly be called his follower. In 1818 he accepted a call to the new university of Bonn; but in 1827 he returned, as ordinary professor, to Göttingen. His two most important works are: Grundriss einer neutestamentlichen Hermeneutik (Göttingen, 1817), and a Commentary on the Gospel according to John" (4 vols., Göttingen, 1820-'32). The latter work, in particular, is still classed among the best exegetical productions of German theology. In Berlin, he edited with Schleiermacher and De Wette the Theologische Zeitschrift; in Bonn, with Gieseler, the Christliche Zeitschrift. Afterward he was assistant editor of the Studien und Kritiken, and a frequent contributor to the Deutsche Zeitschrift für christliche Wissenschaft, the Göttinger gelehrte Anzeigen, and other journals. His biographical essays on his teacher Planck (1835) and his friends De Wette

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(1850) and Schleirmacher (1854) are especially valued. His library was purchased after his death for the divinity school at Cambridge, Mass. LUCKNOW, a city of Hindostan, capital of the province and former kingdom of Oude, situated on the S. bank of the river Goomtee, which is here navigable at all seasons, 610 m. N. W. from Calcutta, 280 m. S. E. from Delhi, and 53 m. N. E. from Cawnpore; lat. 26° 52' N., long. 81° E.; pop. in 1856 estimated at 300,000. The Goomtee is here crossed by 3 bridges, one of iron, one of stone, and one of boats. A distant view of the city, with its numerous turrets and pinnacles, conveys a pleasant impression, which is dissipated however by a closer inspection of its narrow, filthy streets, and mean mud or bamboo houses thatched with straw. The streets are generally 10 or 12 feet below the level of the shops on each side, but the English quarter is well built and adorned with gardens. În contrast with the dwellings of the native population, there are many public buildings of remarkable beauty. The Shah Nujeef, or Imambarra of the nabob-vizier Azofud-Dowlah, is a fantastic brick structure, coated with white cement, and topped with several Moslem minarets and pointed Hindoo domes. It consists of a number of buildings surrounding two courts which are entered by magnificent gateways. The name Imambarra denotes a kind of edifice erected by Mohammedans of the Sheeah sect for the celebration of the festival of the Mohurrum. Of 5 royal palaces in the city, the principal are the Fureed Buksh, a long range of buildings on the river bank, more remarkable for size than beauty, and the Kaiserbagh. The kings of Oude had also many fine country seats in the neighborhood, one of the most elegant of which is the Dilkoosha (Heart's Delight), about 2 m. toward the S. The Begum Kothee is a collection of palatial edifices formerly occupied by native princesses. "Constantia is the name given to a curious mansion, loaded with incongruous ornaments, which was erected by the French adventurer Claude Martin, who went to India as a private soldier and rose to great power and opulence under the native government. A better monument to his memory is the Martinière, a college for half caste children. An English church, an observatory, and a hospital and dispensary are the other principal buildings. The British residency was destroyed during the siege of Lucknow at the time of the late mutiny. Since that event many changes have also been made in the plan of the city, as whole streets have been pulled down in accordance with the system of defence adopted by the British in 1858. The seat of government of the former kingdom of Oude was removed from Fyzabad to Lucknow in 1775, and the latter city continued to be the royal residence until the annexation of the territory to the British dominions.— During the mutiny of 1857 Lucknow was the theatre of many exciting events. Disaffection manifested itself among the native troops in

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the early part of April. The sepoys set fire to a number of bungalows, and refused to use their cartridges, and a regiment was consequently disarmed, May 3, the ringleaders being imprisoned. On May 30 other insurrections took place, and though some of the mutineers were captured or killed, most of them escaped to Seetapore and gave the signal for rising to nearly all the native regiments in the province. In the mean time the chief commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence, had placed the residency and a wide enclosure around it in a state of defence, and collected there many of the women and children and the principal stores. Several other posts were also garrisoned, but subsequently abandoned. On June 30 Lawrence marched out to attack a body of rebels about 8 miles from the city, but fell into an ambush at Chinhut and was routed with great loss. The mutineers now collected in force around the residency, and began a vigorous siege. Lawrence was killed by a shell (July 4), and was succeeded by Major Banks as civil commissioner and Brigadier Inglis as military commandant. The besieging force at this date amounted to 10,000; the British did not number 1,700, and this disparity was not counterbalanced by any superiority of fire or engineering skill on the part of the garrison. After 12 weeks' defence, during which the British suffered from the ravages of cholera, small pox, and fevers, scarcely less than from the fire and assaults of the enemy, Gens. Havelock and Outram fought their way in with a relieving force, Sept. 25, but suffered such loss that they were unable either to withdraw the garrison or to bring in their own ammunition, baggage, and sick and wounded that had been left at the Alumbagh fort, about 4 m. distant. Among the killed was the gallant Gen. Neill. The defence was now resumed with fresh vigor, Sir James Outram, as senior officer, taking the command; the line of intrenchment was enlarged, and the diseases and discomforts heretofore occasioned by the narrowness of the British quarters were in some degree avoided, but the garrison suffered with increasing severity from scarcity of provisions. At the same time a defence no less gallant was maintained at the Alumbagh by the small party which had been left there under Col. McIntyre, until on Nov. 11 Sir Colin Campbell reached that fort on his way to Lucknow. On the 14th he captured the Dilkoosha and Martinière, and on the 17th, after some desperate conflicts in which the beleaguered garrison ably seconded their rescuers, the 3 generals met. A day or two later the residency was evacuated, the British withdrawing by night to the Dilkoosha, where on the 25th Sir Henry Havelock died of dysentery. Gen. Outram was left with a division at the Alumbagh to watch the enemy, and the rest retired in safety to Cawnpore. The condition of the garrison during this heroic defence of 5 months is best seen by the following statement of their strength at the outset, at

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