Jan. 1537, he was joined by his associates, now increased to 9 in number, and after a few months of labor in the hospitals the whole party with the exception of Ignatius went to Rome, received the pope's blessing on their undertaking, and then returned to Venice with permission for all of their number who were not already priests to be raised at once to that order. Ignatius however deferred his own ordination until Christmas day, 1538. In the mean time the prescribed period of a year had elapsed, and the continuance of war between the emperor and the sultan was still an insuperable obstacle to their intended voyage to Palestine. Ignatius assembled his disciples, and having prescribed for them a rule of life, and given them the name by which they have ever since been known, set out with two companions for Rome, and unfolded his plans to Pope Paul III. After much difficulty a bull for the establishment of the new order was granted, Sept. 27, 1540. In the following spring a meeting of the members was held at Rome, and Ignatius was unanimously chosen general. Immediately afterward they made their solemn religious profession at a church outside the walls, and Ignatius, having fixed his residence at Rome, then applied himself to the final elaboration of the constitution, of which as yet only a sketch had been drawn up. His subsequent history is that of his order. Beside the common labors of benevolence in which he had been so long engaged, he founded at Rome a number of charitable institutions, among which were a house for Jewish catechumens, a college for German youth, an asylum for penitent women and poor girls who were exposed to great temptation, and a foundling hospital. For many years his life had been a perpetual sickness, and for some time previous to his death he was able to take little share in the details of government. At the repeated request of his companions he left in writing an account of his early life and conversion. He died alone in his room, and after a long interregnum was succeeded in the generalship of the order by James Laynez.-Ignatius was of middling stature, majestic air, and noble countenance, but slightly lame owing to his wound at Pampeluna. He is often described as a fiery enthusiast, but nothing could be further from the truth. Though by nature of an ardent temperament, his actions were so entirely under his control that during his life he was commonly thought cold and phlegmatic. His outward bearing gave no sign of the religious zeal which burned in his heart. Obedience, humility, and a resignation amounting to indifference, were among the virtues which he most loved to inculcate. He was content, so long as he had not the interests of his disciples to consult, to pass for a fool and a madman; he imitated the speech and manners of the beggars whom he served in the hospitals; he was never so well pleased as when loaded with insults; he avoided all places where he might

be recognized as a nobleman or honored as a saint; but he lost no opportunity of freeing his character from such aspersions as could affect the prosperity of his order. His early military education had impressed upon his character a firmness and generosity of temper which he always retained. Hence he constituted his order somewhat according to military rules, but in his personal intercourse with his disciples he displayed a paternal tenderness, and in governing and framing rules for the society he showed a prudence which has never ceased to excite the admiration of those who have least sympathy with his principles. The best monument of Ignatius, if we except the society of Jesus itself, is the book of "Spiritual Exercises" which he composed in his solitude at Manresa. It comprises a series of meditations for the use not only of religious but of persons in the world. The "Exercises" may be said to lie at the foundation of the order. The vocation of every novice is tested by them; the first members performed them; and they were the ground of many of the persecutions to which their author was subjected. "The object which he proposed and attained," says Bartoli, “was to reduce the cure of the soul to an art, by basing upon certain principles of faith an exact and perfect method, which, practised by the application of the means prescribed by him, is almost infallibly successful." The book of exercises has been translated into Latin, French, and English, and often reprinted. Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V. in 1607, and canonized by Gregory XV. in 1622. His festival is kept on July 31. Among the numerous biographies of him are those of Ribadeneira, Vida de S. Ignacio (Madrid, 1570); Maffei, De Vita et Moribus S. Ignatii Loyola (Rome, 1584); Gretser, Apologia pro Vita S. Ignatii (3 vols. 8vo., Ingolstadt, 1599, 1601, 1604); Michael Walpole, "Life of St. Ignatius" (St. Omer, 1617); Bartoli, De Vita S. Ignatii (fol., Rome, 1650; English translation, 2 vols. 12mo., New York, 1855); Bouhours, Vie de S. Ignace (Paris, 1679); Genelli, Leben des heiligen Ignatius von Loyola (8vo., Innspruck, 1848).

LOZÈRE, a S. department of France, in the old province of Languedoc, bounded by the departments of Cantal, Haute-Loire, Ardèche, Gard, and Aveyron; area, 1,965 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 140,819. Its surface is mountainous, being traversed by various chains and spurs of the Cévennes, the principal of which are the plateau of the Palais du Roi, 5,077 feet high, the Margeride, 4,982 feet, and the Lozère, (from which the department derives its name), 4,887 feet. The chains divide the department into 3 districts. The soil is poor, and the climate severe. Three considerable rivers, the Allier, Lot, and Tarn, have their sources in the mountains of this department. Manufactures and trade are of little importance. Lead, iron, antimony, and other minerals are mined, and sheep extensively reared. Capital, Mende.

LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN WILLIAM, an English

astronomer, born in London, March 26, 1803. He was graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1825. His life has been devoted to scientific labors, and he is the author of numerous papers in the "Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society," and in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society." Of the latter body he was for 12 years treasurer and vice-president. Of these papers, an important series on the planetary and lunar theory have been published as a separate work under the title, "On the Theory of the Moon and on the Perturbations of the Planets" (8vo., 1833; 2d ed. enlarged, 1834-'6). Between 1831 and 1837 he contributed to the "Philosophical Transactions" a number of papers on the tides in the ports of London and Liverpool, for which the royal society bestowed upon him their medal on physics. He also edited the maps of the stars published by the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, and has published "Computation of Eclipses," and "Classification of the different Branches of Human Knowledge," of which 2 editions have appeared, beside other writings.

LÜBECK, one of the 4 free cities of Germany, situated in lat. 53° 51′ N., long. 10° 50′ E., on a ridge between the rivers Trave and Wakenitz, 29 m. by railway N. E. from Hamburg, and 145 m. N. W. from Berlin; area of the city and its territory, 110 sq. m.; pop. of Lübeck proper and its suburbs in 1858, 30,715; of 52 villages and 32 hamlets scattered around in neighboring principalities, 12,508; of the bailiwick of Bergedorf, part of the Vierlanden district, which the city holds in common with Hamburg, 12,198; total, 55,421. The city has a cathedral remarkable for its wood carvings and paintings by Memling, and the church of St. Mary, one of the finest pointed Gothic edifices in N. Germany, containing pictures by Holbein, Vandyke, and other great masters. Conspicuous among the other public buildings is the shipowners' guild, and particularly the town hall or Rathhaus, with the famous ancient hall of the Hansa, in which the deputies from 85 cities used to meet, and in the lower story of which the senate still assembles. The Holstein and Burg gates are also objects of architectural interest, as well as the hospital of the Holy Ghost, which is the principal of the many charitable institutions of the city. The chief educational establishment is the gymnasium. The size of the ramparts, now converted into public walks, and the quaint architecture and rich decoration of many of the houses, bear witness to the former importance and prosperity of the city, which it retains to some degree, the supreme court of all the free cities of Germany being still held at Lübeck, and its commerce continuing to be of magnitude, notwithstanding the proximity to and the competition of Hamburg and Bremen. Still it has considerably declined compared with the times when the Hanse towns monopolized the traffic of Europe. The registered shipping comprised in

1858 nearly 70 sailing and steam vessels; in the foreign trade there were 940 entrances and 959 clearances, and in the coasting trade 500 vessels. One third of the imports come by land and river from Hamburg; the remainder by sea, even large vessels, which formerly had to discharge at Travemünde, being, through recent enlargements of the port, now able to come to the city. The chief imports are cotton, silk goods, hardware, and other manufactures, colonial articles, dye stuffs, zinc, &c. The exports consist mainly of corn, cattle, wool, timber, iron, and fish. The principal manufactures are tobacco, soap, paper, playing cards, linen and cotton goods, and iron. Lübeck possesses an exchange, a commercial school, and many large insurance companies, the fire insurance company annually insuring property to the amount of 25,000,000 marks. Many business transactions are carried on with Russia and Scandinavia, large steamers plying between Lübeck and Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. Lübeck has a republican form of government, administered by a senate of 20 life members, and by 120 delegates elected for 6 years. The expenditures and receipts in 1859 were respectively about 1,100,000 marks; the public debt amounts to about 12,000,000, including a new railway loan of 8,000,000. The decimal system of currency has been in operation since 1857.-Lübeck was founded, near the site of a more ancient Slavic town of the same name which had been destroyed, in the first half of the 12th century, by Adolphus II., count of Holstein, and ceded by him in 1158 to Henry the Lion, who greatly increased the prosperity of the city, and gave it the celebrated code of laws known as Das Lubische Recht. The emperor Frederic II. conferred upon it in 1226 the privileges of an imperial free city. After that time, and especially after joining the Hanseatic league, Lübeck became a place of great commercial magnitude and political importance as the capital of the Hanse towns, and from the great enterprise of its citizens. During the 30 years' war it lost its prestige, and during the wars of Napoleon it was subjected to many vicissitudes, from which it has since greatly recovered.

The

LUBLIN, a government of Russian Poland, bounded N. and E. by the Bug, S. by Austrian Galicia, and W. by the Vistula; area about 12,000 sq. m.; pop. about 1,000,000. The interior is traversed by the Wieprz, which flows into the Vistula near Pulawy. surface is level, and the soil fertile.-LUBLIN, the capital, is situated on the Bistrzyca, an affluent of the Wieprz; pop. 16,000, a large part of whom are Jews. It is divided into the old and new towns, and has numerous public buildings and churches. It is the most important commercial town of the kingdom after Warsaw, and has also some woollen and linen manufactures.

LUBRICANT (Lat. lubricus, slippery), a substance usually of an oily nature, applied to

of cavalry. He was wounded before Sebastopol, but his name is most conspicuously associated with the celebrated cavalry charge at Balaklava (Oct. 25, 1854), the order for which was transmitted from Lord Raglan through Lord Lucan to Lord Cardigan. He was created in 1856 commander of the French legion of honor for his services in the Crimea; but his conduct, together with that of Cardigan, was made the subject of an investigation by the Crimean board of inquiry, which however did not result in any incrimination of either of them. Among other strictures on the Crimean report, was one published by the London "Daily News," July 26, 1856, in which the two earls were handled with great severity; in that article it was said that "the Lucan-Cardigan scandal still remains undiminished in real gravity," and that "the first duty of the commander-in-chief now is to introduce into the service a deeper sense of responsibility, a more earnest sense of duty, than the truculent insubordination of the two whitewashed peers." This led to an action for libel brought by Lucan against the proprietors of that journal, but on the trial (Dec. 5, 1856) the verdict was given for the defendants. The earl of Lucan is a member of the house of lords as a representative peer of Ireland, and is a conservative in politics.

LUCAN (MARCUS ANNEUS LUCANUS), a Roman poet, born in Corduba (Cordova) in Spain, A. D. 39, died in 65. His father was of equestrian rank, a brother of the philosopher Seneca, and carried his son at an early age to Rome, where he was educated under the best masters. His talents were soon generally noticed, and his public recitations were so much admired that he was forbidden by Nero to continue them. This prohibition caused him to engage in the conspiracy of Piso, in which he was betrayed. An offer of pardon induced him after some hesitation to turn informer; but after denouncing his accomplices, among whom was his mother Acilia, his own death was ordered by the emperor. Finding escape hopeless, he caused his veins to be opened, and died while repeating some of his own verses descriptive of this mode of death. His only extant production is the heroic poem Pharsalia, in 10 books, the subject of which is the struggle between Cæsar and Pompey, which was decided by the battle of that name. The 10th book is incomplete, the narrative terminating abruptly. The different spirit pervading different parts, changing from flatteries of Nero to fierce invectives against tyranny, proves that it was composed at intervals. It reveals much poetical power, but has great defects, and has often been both admired and condemned with exaggeration. The best edition is that of Weber (Leipsic, 1821-231). The principal English translations are by Christopher Marlowe (of the first book, 1600), May (1627), Rowe (1718), and Riley, in "Bohn's Classical Library" (1853).

LUCANIA, in ancient geography, a division of southern Italy or Magna Græcia, bounded

N. W. by Campania, from which it was partly separated by the river Silarus (now Selo), N. by Samnium, N. E. by Apulia, from which it was separated by the Bradanus (Bradano), E. by the Tarentine gulf, S. by Bruttium, and W. by the Tyrrhenian sea. The territory is now entirely included in the kingdom of Naples. It is mountainous, excepting a fertile and extensive plain between the Apennines and the gulf of Taranto. Beside the rivers above mentioned, it was watered by the Tanager (Negro), an affluent of the Silarus, the Laus (Lao), which falls into the Tyrrhenian sea on the confines of Bruttium, the Siris (Sinno) and the Sybaris (Cosile), which flow into the Tarentine gulf, near the towns of the same names, and other numerous streams. Among the principal towns, though flourishing at various periods, were Metapontum, Heraclea, Sybaris, and Thurium or Thurii on the eastern coast, Posidonium or Pastum and Elea or Velia on the western, and Pandosia and Potentia in the interior. The original inhabitants of Lucania were the Chones and Enotrians, who, like most of the Greeks who settled on the coasts, were gradually subdued by Samnites from the N., who in their turn were subdued by the Romans in the earlier part of the 3d century B. C. Lucania toward the close of the same century became a principal seat of the 2d Punic war, which for ever destroyed its former prosperity.

LUCAS. I. A N. W. co. of Ohio, bordering on Mich. and Lake Erie, bounded partly on the S. by the Maumee river, and drained by the Ottawa and Swan creek; area, 420 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,263. It has a level surface and fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 51,914 bushels of wheat, 118,947 of Indian corn, 37,427 of oats, and 20,321 lbs. of wool. There were 7 flouring mills, 10 saw mills, 4 iron founderies, 2 woollen factories, 3 tanneries, 13 churches, and 5,122 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Maumee City. II. A S. co. of Iowa, drained by branches of the Chariton and Des Moines rivers; area, 432 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 5,287. The surface is rolling, with prairies and forests, and the soil generally fertile. The productions in 1859 were 5,379 bushels of wheat, 191,208 of Indian corn, 5,537 of potatoes, 6,591 tons of hay, and 3,019 galls. of molasses from sorghum. Capital, Polk.

LUCAS, FREDERIC, an English journalist, born in London, March 30, 1812, died in Staines, Middlesex, Oct. 23, 1855. His family on both sides belonged to the society of Friends. His education was commenced at a school kept by a member of that society at Darlington, and continued at the London university, where he remained 3 years. He then entered the chambers of a conveyancer, and kept his terms at the Middle Temple. In 1835 he began the practice of law, in which he had good success. Four years later he entered the Roman Catholic church, and published a pamphlet entitled "Reasons for becoming a Roman Catholic," addressed to the society of Friends. It is a