in Lowell in as many years, 4 are still continued. The city is connected with Boston by the Boston and Lowell railway, and with various points north by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal, and other lines, as well as with Lawrence, Salem, and Fitchburg by smaller lines of road. The government consists of a mayor, 8 aldermen, and 24 councilmen.

LOWELL, the name of a distinguished family of Massachusetts, descended from Percival Lowell, a merchant who emigrated from Bristol, England, in 1639, and settled in Newbury, where he died Jan. 8, 1665. I. JOHN, LL.D., an American statesman and jurist, born in Newburyport, Mass., June 17, 1743 (O. S.), died in Roxbury, Mass., May 6, 1802. He was the son of the Rev. John Lowell, the first minister of Newburyport, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1760. He studied law, was admitted to practice in 1762, represented Newburyport in the provincial assembly in 1776, and settled in Boston in 1777. He was elected to the convention which framed the constitution of Massachusetts in 1780, took a leading part in the deliberations of that body, and was a member of the committee by which the constitution was draughted and reported to the convention. He inserted in the bill of rights the clause declaring that "all men are born free and equal," for the purpose, as he avowed at the time, of abolishing slavery in Massachusetts; and after the adoption of the constitution he offered through the newspapers his services as a lawyer to any person held as a slave who desired to establish a right to freedom under that clause. The position maintained by him on this question was decided to be constitutional by the supreme court of the state in 1783, since which time slavery has had no legal existence in Massachusetts. In 1781 he was elected a member of the continental congress, and in 1782 was appointed by that body one of the 3 judges of the court for the trial of appeals from the courts of admiralty in the several states. In 1784 he was elected as one of the commissioners to establish the boundary between Massachusetts and New York. In 1789 President Washington appointed him judge of the district court of Massachusetts, and on the new organization of the U. S. courts in 1801 he was appointed by President Adams chief justice of the first circuit. He was one of the founders of the American academy, and for 18 years was a member of the corporation of Harvard college. II. JOHN, LL.D., an American lawyer and political writer, son of the preceding, born in Newburyport, Oct. 6, 1769, died in Boston, March 12, 1840. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1786, studied law, was admitted to the bar before he was 20 years of age, and rose rapidly to the highest rank in the profession. În 1803 he visited Europe, where he remained 3 years, and after his return devoted himself chiefly to politics. Though he always refused to accept office, few men of his day in Massachusetts had

66

so strong an influence on public opinion. After the decease of Fisher Ames in 1808, he exercised a greater ascendency than any other person in New England over the minds of those who were opposed to the national administration. His writings in the newspapers and his pamphlets, of which he published 25, were of eminent service to the federal party by their skill and vigor. From 1810 to 1828 he was the leading member of the corporation of Harvard university. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital, the Boston Athenæum, savings bank, and hospital life insurance company. For many years he was president of the Massachusetts agricultural society. He died suddenly of apoplexy, while reading a newspaper. "He possessed,” says Edward Everett, colloquial powers of the highest order, and a flow of unstudied eloquence never surpassed, and rarely, as with him, united with the command of an accurate, elegant, and logical pen. Next to his commanding talent and energy the great secret of his influence was his entire and unsuspected disinterestedness." III. FRANCIS CABOT, an American merchant, brother of the preceding, born in Newburyport, April 7, 1775, died in Boston, Sept. 2, 1817. In 1810 he visited England on account of the state of his health; and on his return home, shortly after the commencement of the war of 1812, he became so strongly convinced of the practicability of introducing the cotton manufacture into the United States that he proposed to his kinsman, P. T. Jackson, to make the experiment on an ample scale. (See JACKSON, PATRICK TRACY.) The result of his project was the establishment of manufactures at Waltham, and the foundation of the city of Lowell, which was named after himself. He visited Washington in 1816, and his personal influence with Mr. Lowndes, Mr. Calhoun, and other leading members of congress, contributed largely to the introduction into the tariff act of that year of the protective clause which gave an impetus to the cotton manufacture in the United States. IV. JOHN, jr., founder of the Lowell institute at Boston, son of the preceding, born in Boston, May 11, 1799, died in Bombay, March 4, 1836. He received his early education at the Edinburgh high school, and entered Harvard college in 1813; but after two years' study, his health being im paired, he made in 1816 and 1817 two voyages to India, the first to Batavia, returning by Holland and England, and the second to Calcutta. After his return he engaged for a few years in commerce, but in 1830-31 his wife and two daughters, his only children, died in the course of a few months, and for the rest of his life he devoted himself to travel, of which he was passionately fond. He spent one year in traversing the United States, and then visited in succession England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy, Greece, the Mediterranean islands, Asia Minor, Egypt, the countries on the upper Nile, Arabia,

and Hindostan. His main object was to penetrate the Chinese empire from the Indian frontier. But he was prostrated by disease when he reached India, and died 3 weeks after his arrival. By his will, made while in Egypt amid the ruins of Thebes, he bequeathed about $250,000 for the maintenance in Boston of annual courses of free public lectures on religion, science, literature, and the arts. The Lowell institute, as it is called, went into operation in 1839. It is highly successful, the annual issue of tickets to the lectures averaging 25,000. During the first 7 years after the foundation of the institute the lectures delivered numbered 561. Edward Everett delivered at Boston, Dec. 31, 1839, as an introduction to the first course of lectures of the Lowell institute, a memoir of Mr. Lowell, in which he said: "The few sentences, penned with a tired hand by our fellow citizen, on the top of a palace of the Pharaohs, will do more for human improvement than, for aught that appears, was done by all of that gloomy dynasty that ever reigned. I scruple not to affirm that in the directions given by him for a course of popular instruction, illustrative of the great truths of natural religion, and the evidences of Christianity, and unfolding the stores of natural science and useful knowledge, to be dispensed without restriction to an entire community, there is a better hope that mental activity will be profitably kindled, thought put in salutary motion, the connection of truth with the uses of life traced out, and the condition of man benefited, than in all the councils, rescripts, exploits, and institutions of Sesostris and his line." V. CHARLES, D.D., an American clergyman, son of Judge John Lowell, born in Boston, Aug. 15, 1782. He received his early education at Medford and at Andover academy, was graduated at Harvard college in 1800, and began the study of law in Boston, which he soon abandoned for that of theology. In 1802 he visited Europe and studied for two years at Edinburgh, and afterward travelled on the continent, returning to the United States in 1805. On Jan. 1, 1806, he was settled as minister of the West (Congregational) church in Boston, of which he is still pastor (1860). In 1837-240 he travelled extensively in Europe and the East. Beside many occasional discourses, he has published two volumes of sermons (Boston, 1855.) VI. MARY (Mrs. PUTNAM), an American authoress, daughter of the preceding, born in Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. She was married, April 5, 1832, to Samuel R. Putnam, a merchant of Boston. Her mother, a native of New Hampshire, descended from the Scandinavian family of Trail or Troil of the Orkney islands, celebrated in Scott's "Pirate," possessed in an eminent degree the faculty of acquiring languages. Mrs. Putnam's attainments in the same direction are extraordinary, comprising not only Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and the modern tongues of western Europe, but Swedish, Danish, Polish, Russian, Hungarian, Turkish, San

scrit, and several other oriental languages. She has contributed many articles to the "North American Review," and to the "Christian Examiner;" and two of her articles in the latter journal (Nov. 1850, and March, 1851), in reply to Prof. Bowen's attacks on Kossuth and the other leaders of the Hungarian revolution of 1848-'9, attracted much attention, and had a marked influence on public opinion. In 1851 Mrs. Putnam went to Europe with her husband and children, where she resided, chiefly in France and Germany, till 1857, prosecuting her studies in languages and collecting materials for a history of Hungary, upon which she has been long engaged. VII. ROBERT TRAILL SPENCE, an American author, brother of the preceding, born in Boston, Oct. 8, 1816. He was educated at Round Hill school, Northampton, and at Harvard college, where he was graduated in 1833. He studied medicine and afterward theology, and in 1842 was ordained a clergyman of the church of England by the bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda, whom he accompanied as chaplain first to Bermuda, and then to Newfoundland, where he was settled for some years as rector of Bay Robert. During a severe famine which prevailed in the island he was appointed commissioner for distributing food, became ill through overwork and anxiety, and returned to the United States. He soon after became rector of Christ church, Newark, N. J., and is now settled over Christ church in Duanesburg, N. Y. In 1858 he published at Boston a novel of Newfoundland life and scenery, "The New Priest in Conception Bay," and in 1860 "Fresh Hearts that failed 3,000 Years Ago, and other Poems." VIII. JAMES RUSSELL, an American poet, brother of the preceding, born in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1819. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1838, and recited a "Class Poem," which was printed in 1839, and which contained many strokes of vigorous satire and much sharp wit. He studied law in Harvard university, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and opened an office in Boston. He soon, however, abandoned the profession and devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1841 he published a volume of poems entitled "A Year's Life," which has never been reprinted, though many of the poems, revised by the maturer taste and judgment of the author, have been incorporated into the subsequent collections of his writings. In Jan. 1843, he commenced, in conjunction with Robert Carter, the publication at Boston of "The Pioneer, a Literary and Critical Magazine," which the "Cyclopædia of American Literature" says "was of too fine a cast to be successful." Three monthly numbers were issued, containing articles from Poe, Neal, Hawthorne, Parsons, Story, and others, beside the editors, when the publishers, involved in debt by other publications, failed, and the magazine was discontinued. Mr. Lowell's next publication was a volume of "Poems" (Cambridge, 1844), comprising "A Legend of Brit

tany," "Prometheus," "Rhæcus," and numerous smaller pieces, among which were sonnets to Wendell Phillips and to J. R. Giddings, expressing decided anti-slavery sentiments. A volume of prose, entitled "Conversations on some of the Old Poets" (Cambridge, 1845), next appeared. It is a series of essays in the form of dialogues on Chaucer, Chapman, Ford, and poets and poetry in general, interspersed with remarks on politics, slavery, and other topics. A second series of his "Poems" (Cambridge, 1848) contained "The Present Crisis," "Anti-Texas," "On the Capture of certain Fugitive Slaves near Washington," and others which have obtained great popularity among the opponents of slavery. In the same year was published at Cambridge, in a thin volume, "The Vision of Sir Launfal," a poem founded upon the legend of the search for the Holy Graal, and the "Biglow Papers," a witty and humorous satire, consisting of various poems in the Yankee dialect, ostensibly by Mr. Hosea Biglow, and edited with an introduction, notes, glossary, index, and "notices of an independent press," by "Homer Wilbur, A.M., pastor of the first church in Jaalam, and prospective member of many literary, learned, and scientific societies." This satire was mainly directed against slavery and the war with Mexico in 1846-27. It has passed through several editions in the United States, and has been twice reprinted in England. In 1848 also appeared anonymously "A Fable for the Critics," an ingenious rhymed essay upon the principal living American authors. In July, 1851, Mr. Lowell visited Europe, travelling in England, France, and Switzerland, and residing for a considerable period in Italy. He returned home in Dec. 1852. In the winter of 1854-5 he delivered a course of 12 lectures on the British poets, which were received with applause by crowded audiences, and extensively reported in the newspapers. In Jan. 1855, on the resignation of Mr. Longfellow, he was appointed professor of modern languages and belles-lettres in Harvard college. To qualify himself more fully for the duties of the office, he went to Europe in May, 1855, and after spending a year in study, chiefly at Dresden, he returned home in Aug. 1856. Mr. Lowell has written much for the "North American Review," "Putnam's Monthly," the London "Daily News," the "National Anti-Slavery Standard," and other periodicals, and is now the editor of the "Atlantic Monthly." He is the author of the article on Dante in this cyclopædia. Several editions of his collected poems have appeared in this country, and 3 editions in England. The editor of one of the English editions, Andrew R. Scoble, says: "The tone of his compositions is singularly high-minded, vigorous, and pure. Many of his pieces impress us forcibly with the idea of great power, of imagination scattering its wealth with singular profuseness, and of a daring originality of conception. The descriptive power shown in

many of his poems is one of their most striking merits. His love of nature is genuine, his imagination is vivid, and his fancy fruitful in fine images. Some of his ideal portraits are exceedingly beautiful; for example, that of 'Irené.' No common hand could have drawn those gentle lineaments, and laid on those softly tinted colors. It shows a power of discerning and describing the retiring graces and reserved charms of womanhood not often found in a masculine intellect; and an appreciation of and reverence for the higher excellences of the female character which do honor to his moral sense and purity of taste." IX. MARIA (WHITE), an American poet, wife of the preceding, born in Watertown, Mass., July 8, 1821, died in Cambridge, Oct. 27, 1853. Her marriage with Mr. Lowell took place in 1844. She was singularly beautiful in person and character, and highly accomplished in languages and general literature. A volume of her poems, which are characterized chiefly by exquisite tenderness and simple delicacy, was privately printed in Cambridge in 1855.

LOWER EMPIRE. See BYZANTINE EMPIRE. LOWNDES. I. A S. co. of Ga., bordering on Fla., and watered by the Withlacoochee and its branches; area, about 1,050 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 4,140, of whom 1,948 were slaves. The surface is level, and the soil productive. In 1850 (since which its limits have been reduced) the productions were 233,569 bushels of Indian corn, 80,776 of sweet potatoes, 69,300 lbs. of rice, and 2,912 bales of cotton. There were 9 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 23 churches, and 509 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Troupville. II. A central co. of Ala., bordered on the N. by the Alabama river, and watered by its branches; area, 910 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 21,915, of whom 14,649 were slaves. The surface is undulating, and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 933,287 bushels of Indian corn, 163,505 of sweet potatoes, 161,155 lbs. of rice, and 23,872 bales of cotton. There were 36 churches, and 466 pupils attending schools. Capital, Haynesville. III. An E. co. of Miss., bordering on Ala., and intersected by the Tombigbee river; area, 569 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 19,554, of whom 12,993 were slaves. The surface is undulating, and the soil a dark and very fertile loam. The productions in 1850 were 871,864 bushels of Indian corn, 98,418 of sweet potatoes, 5,850 lbs. of rice, and 15,127 bales of cotton. There were 17 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 4 tanneries, 24 churches, and 1,110 pupils attending schools. Capital, Columbus.

LOWNDES, RAWLINS, an American lawyer and statesman, born in the British West Indies in 1722, died in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 24, 1800. His parents settled when he was very young in Charleston, where he received his education, adopted the legal profession, and practised with great success. In 1766 he was appointed by the crown associate judge. Within 3 months he delivered the opinion of the majority of the court, but contrary to that

of the chief justice, in favor of the legality of public proceedings without the employment of stamped paper. This able and elaborate opinion illustrates the paramount necessity which legitimated the revolution, waives all consideration of the stamp act as a constitutional measure, and only argues from the common law with reference to the necessities of the case. In 1768 he moved a resolution in the assembly of South Carolina for the erection of a statue of William Pitt, in acknowledgment of that statesman's services to the colonies and the -British constitution. The measure was carried, and the statue still remains in Charleston. In 1775 he was elected a member of the council of safety, and of the committee appointed under it. In 1776 he was one of a commitee of 11 appointed to draft a constitution for the province, and subsequently a member of the legislative council created by the constitution. In 1778 he was elected president of the province, and gave his official assent to the new constitution. Savannah was soon captured by the British forces, Georgia succumbed, and South Carolina was threatened. Mr. Lowndes addressed himself with energy to the preparations for the enemy, but, having fewer than 10,000 men in the field, was unable to resist overwhelming forces by sea and land. Charleston soon shared the fate of Savannahı, and he remained for some time a prisoner. He was subsequently a member of the assembly of South Carolina, when the federal constitution was submitted to the states for adoption. He strenuously opposed it, objecting to the restriction which it imposed upon the slave trade, which he declared to be the great source of the strength and prosperity of the South; to the clause giving power to congress to regulate commerce; and to the centralization of power which would accrue to the federal government from the general effect of the constitution, protesting that it would reduce the states to the condition of mere corporations, and give a dan gerous dominance to the North. The earnest ness of his opposition appears from the closing sentence of one of his speeches: "I wish for no other epitaph than this: 'Here lies one who opposed the federal constitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties of his country.' At the close of the debate the resolution was carried against him by only a single vote.WILLIAM JONES, son of the preceding, an American statesman, born in Charleston, S. C., Feb. 7, 1782, died at sea, Nov. 22, 1822. From his 7th till his 10th year he was educated in England. Returning to Charleston, he completed his preparatory studies under Dr. Gallaher, a Roman Catholic priest, was graduated at Charleston college, entered the law office of Chancellor De Saussure, and was admitted to the bar in 1804, having previously married Elizabeth, daughter of Gen. Thomas Pinckney. He soon abandoned his profession to attend to his plantation. In 1806 he was elected to the house of representatives in the general assemVOL. X.-45

bly of South Carolina, in which office he served till in 1810 he was elected to the lower house of congress, where he continued till 1822, when his declining health compelled his resignation. He cooperated with the republican party of his time without being a partisan; was an urgent supporter of the war of 1812; reviewed the conduct of Jackson in the Seminole war; and spoke frequently on matters pertaining to the army, the navy, the finances, the national bank, the Missouri compromise, the Spanish treaty, and the tariff. He was chairman of the committee on ways and means from 1818 to 1822. His friends regarded him as the most proper person for the highest dignity in the country. The summer of 1820 he passed in Europe; that of 1821 in the low country of South Carolina, where he contracted the malarious disease of the climate, which impaired his constitution. His physicians prescribed a voyage to Europe, and he died on the passage.

66

LOWTH, WILLIAM, an English clergyman and author, born in London in 1661, died in Buriton, Hampshire, in 1732. He was graduated at Oxford in 1683, where he distinguished himself by his attainments as a biblical scholar. After leaving the university he became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, who in 1696 conferred on him a prebend in his own cathedral, and in 1699 presented him to the living of Buriton, which he retained till his death. He contributed many valuable notes to Potter's "Clemens Alexandrinus," Hudson's "Josephus," and Reading's "Ecclesiastical Historians." The principal of his own works are: "A Vindication of the Divine Authority and Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments" (Oxford, 1692); "Directions for the Profitable Reading of the Holy Scriptures" (London, 1708); and Commentaries on the Prophets" (1725.) ROBERT, D.D., son of the preceding, born in Buriton, Nov. 28, 1710, died in Fulham, near London, Nov. 3, 1787. He was graduated at New college, Oxford, in 1737, and in 1741 succeeded Mr. Spence as professor of poetry there, in which capacity he delivered a course of lectures on the "Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews." In 1744 Bishop Hoadley presented him to the living of Ovington, Hampshire. In 1748-'9 he travelled on the continent with Mr. Legge, afterward chancellor of the exchequer, and Lords George and Frederic Cavendish, brothers of the duke of Devonshire. In 1750 he was made archdeacon of Winchester, and in 1753 rector of East Woodhay in Hampshire, and in 1755 he accompanied the duke of Devonshire, lord lieutenant, to Ireland as chaplain. He was nominated by his patron to the see of Limerick, but declined it for the prebend of Durham and rectory of Sedgefield. In 1766 he was raised to the bishopric of St. David's. He was translated to Oxford in the same year, and to London in 1777. On the death of Archbishop Cornwallis in 1783, George III. offered Dr. Lowth the primacy of Canterbury, but in consequence of infirm

LOYD, LEWIS, a London banker, born Jan. 1, 1768, died at Overstone park, Northamptonshire, May 13, 1858. He was the eldest son of Mr. William Loyd, and in the early part of his life officiated as pastor of a small dissenting chapel at Manchester. Having married in 1793 the only daughter of Mr. John Jones, a wealthy merchant of that city, he entered into partnership with his father-in-law, and afterward established a branch house in London, under the firm of Jones, Loyd, and co., which has since become one of the leading banking establishments of England. Its prosperity is chiefly due to the energy, industry, and intelligence of Mr. Loyd, who was for a long time a ruling spirit of the financial world of London. By his first wife he left an only son and heir, Samuel Jones Loyd, who was raised in 1850 to the peerage under the title of Baron Overstone.

LOYOLA, SAINT IGNATIUS de, founder of the society of Jesus, born at the castle of Loyola, near Azcoytia, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in 1491, died in Rome, July 31, 1556. His true name was Don Inigo Lopez de Recalde de Loyola. He was the youngest of 11 children born to Don Bertram, lord of Ognez and Loyola, and Doña Maria Saez de Balde his wife. At the age of 14 he was sent to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella as page to the king, whom he accompanied in his wars against the Portuguese, the Navarrais, the French, and the Moors, displaying a valor and capacity which soon raised him to the height of reputation. His gallantry and courtly bearing were equal to his bravery, and the young soldier seemed destined for a brilliant position in the world when a wound in the leg, received while heroically defending the city of Pampeluna against the French in 1521, left him a prisoner and a cripple. The reading of certain lives of the saints during his long convalescence turned his thoughts toward a religious life. As soon as his health was restored, having regained his liberty, he made a pilgrimage to the famous monastery of Montserrat near Barcelona, changed clothes with a beggar, and concealing his name and rank passed 10 months at the little village of Manresa, part of the time in the solitude of a cave, and part engaged in the most loathsome offices at a hospital. Long fasts, scourgings, and other self-imposed penances frequently brought him near to death. Early in 1523 he set out on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, journeying much of the way on foot, and depending upon the charity of chance passers for his daily food. He visited the holy places, and the next year saw him at Barcelona

in a public school, striving with infinite labor to master the Latin grammar at the age of 33. He had already formed the design of collecting a body of companions to labor in some way for the good of religion, and when in 1526 he went from Barcelona to the university of Alcala he was followed by a few friends bent upon imitating his mode of life. They wore a plain gray habit; they lived by begging; and whatever time they could spare from study was spent in exhortation and attendance at the hospitals. The preachings of Luther and the doctrines of the Alombrados about this time had filled Spain with alarm alike at religious novelties and at all secret gatherings. Ignatius was cast into prison, and though his trial, as one of his biographers relates, "appeared more likely to lead to his canonization than to his condemnation as a criminal," he was forbidden to preach and ordered to put off his peculiar garb. At Salamanca, whither he then removed, he was treated with still more severity, but finally dismissed with honor, though with such restrictions upon his freedom to preach that he resolved to go to France, and arrived in Paris in Feb. 1528. His companions had one by one forsaken him, but here at the university he found new friends who were to be the earliest members of the society of Jesus. The first was a young ecclesiastic, Pierre Lefebvre, or Peter Faber; the second, Francis Xavier. James Laynez, Alphonso Salmeron, Nicholas Bobadilla, and Simon Rodrignez joined him soon afterward. In July, 1534, he assembled these 6 disciples, and laid before them his plan for founding a new missionary order, to labor especially in Palestine. proposal was received with enthusiasm. It was resolved that the associates should remain in Paris until all had completed their studies, and if within a year after that time no opportunity occurred of reaching the Holy Land, they should offer their services to the pope. On the feast of the Assumption (Aug. 15) they took their vows at the chapel of Our Lady of Montmartre, near Paris, adding to the usual obligations of poverty and chastity two others, of visiting the Holy Land and obedience to the pope. They continued to live apart from one another, but followed a certain rule of life which Ignatius marked out for them. They were accused of heresy, but an examination by the inquisition resulted in their triumphant acquittal. Soon afterward Ignatius was induced by failing health to revisit his native province, where his humility was severely wounded by the anxiety of the people to do him the honor proper to a saint. He preferred to employ himself in the hospitals, to live by alms, to sleep upon a bare board, and to preach to the multitude; and the entreaties of his relatives could only induce him to enter his paternal castle for one night. After passing through some other parts of Spain he took ship at Valencia, landed at Genoa, and journeyed on foot to Venice, where he arrived toward the close of 1535. In

The