ed, while the increase of wealth led to a demand for houses in fashionable districts, and squares and streets in the west soon sprung up as if by the spell of magic. From the regency in 1811 dates the astonishing progress of London in the elegance of its parks and new streets. Regent's park was then formed and surrounded with handsome terraces. The movement commenced at the beginning of this century has since advanced with great celerity; and with the new elements of prosperity which California and Australia have infused into commerce, the constant increase of wealth must lead to a corresponding increase in the territory of the metropolis, especially in the regions of fashion in the west, as has been already shown by the success of the new districts of Tyburnia and Belgravia. In 1141 the population of London was estimated at 40,000; in 1841 it was 1,652,902, showing an average increase of 200,000 for each of the preceding centuries. The increase within the first half of this century was 30,000 per year, the population having risen from 900,000 in 1801 to about 2,400,000 in 1851. The actual population in 1801 was 958,863; in 1811, 1,138,815; in 1821, 1,378,947; in 1831, 1,654,994; in 1841, 1,948,417; and in 1851, 2,362,236. The increase between 1801 and 1811 was 179,952, or 18.76 per cent.; between 1811 and 1821, 240,132, or 21.08 per cent.; between 1821 and 1831, 276,047, or 20.06 per cent.; between 1831 and 1841, 293,423, or 17.73 per cent.; between 1841 and 1851, 413,819, or 21.23 per cent.; and between 1851 and 1861, 1,215,853, or 47.24 per cent.-The great associations of London with the history and literature of England invest the streets, particularly those in less modern parts of the town, with an indescribable interest. Hardly any of them can be passed without treading upon the great memories of the past. Some of the streets teem with the remembrances of Oliver Cromwell, Hampden, and Milton, the heroes and poets of civil and religious liberty; others with those of Bacon and Newton, Spenser and Shakespeare, the thinkers and poets of humanity. In the same street (Bread street, Cheapside) where Milton was born, stood the Mermaid tavern, frequented by Shakespeare, Raleigh, and Ben Jonson. Not far from the Cockpit in Charing Cross, where Oliver Cromwell lived for some time, died Spenser, the author of the "Faerie Queen." In Palace yard, Westminster, Sir Walter Raleigh was executed. Down Little Queen street Lord William Russell was led to the scaffold in Lincoln's Inn fields. On Tower hill, the earl of Strafford, Algernon Sydney, and other eminent men were put to death. The whole region of the tower of London abounds with the most terrible reminiscences of English history, and Anne Boleyn, Catharine Howard, and many others who were executed, are buried there. Charles I. was executed in the street facing the banqueting house at Whitehall. Tabard inn, Southwark, was the starting place of Chaucer's pilgrims. In the

Inner Temple lane is the house where Pope and Warburton first met. Fielding wrote his "Tom Jones" in Bow street, Covent Garden, the building now occupied by a court of police. The regions of Fleet street, with the Mitre tavern, where Johnson and Boswell met, and of Temple Bar and the Strand, abound with associations of Dr. Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, and their contemporaries. The following is an alphabetical list of the more prominent persons associated with the streets of London:

Addison, when a bachelor, lived at 22 St. James's place, St. James's street (the same house in which Mr. Rogers the poet died in 1855), and died in Holland house, Kensington. Bacon, Lord, born in York house, on the site of Buckingham street, Strand.

Poultry.

Becket, Thomas à, born behind the mercers' chapel in the Bentham, Jeremy, lived in Queen square house, Westminster, looking upon St. James's park-the same house in Blanc, Louis, on his flight from Paris, took up his residence which Brunel perfected his block machinery. in Piccadilly.

Blücher, when in England in 1814, lived in St. James's place. Bonaparte family. Joseph and Lucien Bonaparte lived at 23 Park crescent, Portland place. Napoleon III., while Prince Louis Napoleon, lodged at 8 King street, St. James's Boswell died at 147 Great Portland street, Oxford street.

square.

Bulwer, the novelist and statesman, resides at 1 Park lane.
Bunyan was buried in Bunhill fields.

Burke, Edmund, lived at 37 Gerard street, Soho.
Burnet, Bishop, died in St. John's square, Clerkenwell.
Butler, author of "Hudibras," died in Rose street, Covent
garden, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Paul's,
Covent garden.

Byron was born at 24 Holles street, Cavendish square, and
spent the brief period of his married life at 189 Piccadilly.
In his rooms at the Albany he wrote his "Lara.”
Campbell, Thomas, had his last London residence at 8 Victoria
square, Pimlico.

Canning was born in the parish of Marylebone.

Carlyle, Thomas, resides at 5 Great Cheyne row, Chelsea. Chantrey died in Eccleston street, Pimlico, corner of Lower Belgrave place.

Charles V. of Spain resided in Blackfriars.

Charles X. of France resided at 72 South Audley street. Chatham, earl of, born in the parish of St. James's, West. minster.

Chesterfield died at Chesterfield house, Mayfair.
Clive, Lord, died at 45 Berkeley square.
Cornwallis, Lord, was born in Grosvenor square.
Crabbe resided at 87 Bury street, St. James's.
Cromwell, Oliver, lived in Long Acre, in King street, West-
minster; in the Cockpit, near the site of the treasury; and
at Whitehall palace.
Dickens, Charles, resided for a long time at 1 Tavistock vil-

las, Tavistock square.

Dryden died at 43 Gerard street, Soho, in the same street in Disraeli, Benjamin, resides at 1 Grosvenor gate.

which Burke lived;

Eldon, Lord, lived at 6 Bedford square, and at the W. corner Fielding lived in Bow street, Covent garden, in a house on Fox lived in St. James's place, and afterward at St. Anne's

of Hamilton place, Piccadilly, where he died.

the site of the present court of police.

cottage, Hampstead Heath.

Franklin, Benjamin, was employed as a printer in Bartholomew close, West Smithfield, and lived also at 7 Craven street, Strand.

Gainsborough died in the W. half of Schomberg house, Pall

Mall.

Garrick died in the centre house of the Adelphi terrace.
Gibbon wrote his defence of his Decline and Fall" at 7
Bentinck street, Manchester square.

Gladstone lives at 11 Carlton House terrace.
Goldsmith, Oliver, died at 2 Brick court, Temple.
Gray was born at 41 Cornhill.

Guizot resided at 21 Pelham crescent, Brompton.
Hallam resided at 24 Wilton crescent, Belgrave square.
Handel lived and died at 57 Brook street, Grosvenor square
Harvey, William, lived with his brother in Cockaine house
in the city.

Hill, Lord, resided in the large house S. W. corner of Bel-
grave square.
Hogarth, born in Bartholomew close, Smithfield, died in
Leicester square,
in the N. half of the present Sablonnière
hotel.

Hood, Thomas, born in the Poultry, spent most of his life in
London, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery.
Jenner lived at 14 Hertford street, Mayfair. A statue of
bim is in Trafalgar square.

Johnson completed his dictionary while living at Gough
square, Fleet street, and died at Bolt court, Fleet street.
Jonson, Ben, is said to have been born in Hartshorne lane,
near Northumberland street, Charing Cross.
Jones, Inigo, was born in or near Cloth Fair, Smithfield,
where his father was a cloth worker.

Kean, Edmund, lived at 12 Clarges street, when at the zenith of his fame.

Keats wrote some of his poems on the 2d floor of 71 Cheapside. Kossuth resides at 21 Alpha road, Regent's park.

Lamb, Charles, was born in the Inner Temple, and spent most of his life in London, and the last 6 years of it at Islington, Enfield, and Edmonton. Charles and Mary Lamb's celebrated Wednesday evening parties took place in his chambers in Inner Temple lane.

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, died at 65 Russell square.
Laud, Archbishop, lived at Lambeth palace.
Leighton, Archbishop, died in the Bell inn, Warwick lane,
Newgate street.

Locke dates the dedication of his "Essay on the Human
Understanding" from Dorset court, Fleet street.

Louis Philippe resided at Cox's hotel, Jermyn street, and after his flight in 1848 at the palace of Clermont. Macaulay lived for many years at the Albany, and died on the evening of Dec. 28, 1859, in his residence at Holly lodge, Campden hill, Kensington.

Mansfield, Lord, when only Mr. Murray, lodged at 5 King's Bench walk, Temple.

Marlborough died in Marlborough house, Pall Mall. Marvell, Andrew, resided in Maiden lane when he refused a bribe from the lord treasurer Danby.

Milton was born in Bread street, Cheapside, and resided in a garden house in Petty France, now 19 York street, Westminster.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, died in Great George street, Hanover square, and was buried in South Audley street chapel.

Moore, Thomas, dedicated in 1806 his "Odes and Epistles" from 27 Bury street, St. James's street; and the advertisement to the 4th number of his "Irish Melodies" in 1811 is

dated from the same street.

More, Sir Thomas, born in Milk street, Cheapside, resided at Chelsea, immediately opposite the present Battersea bridge, and was buried in Chelsea old church. Nell Gwynn died in a house on the site of 79 Pall Mall. Nelson resided at 141 New Bond street after the battle off Cape St. Vincent and the expedition to Teneriffe. Newton lived in St. Martin's street, S. side of Leicester square, where his observatory is still visible on the top of the house.

O'Connell, Daniel, lived at 14 Pall Mall.

Orleans, Philippe (Egalité), duke of, lived at 31 South street, Palmerston, Lord, lived in Carlton Gardens for a long time,

Grosvenor square.

hall.

and now resides at Cambridge house, Piccadilly. Peel, Sir Robert, died at his house in Privy Gardens, WhitePenn, William, born in the house of his father the admiral, on Great Tower hill, on the E. side, within a court adjoin ing London wall, lived in the last house on the left hand Peter the Great resided in a house on the site of the last house on the W. side of Buckingham street, Strand, and frequented the Czar of Muscovy public house, 48 Great Tower street.

side of Norfolk street, Strand.

Pitt lived in chambers in Old square, Lincoln's Inn, and in
the latter part of his life in Hertford street, Mayfair.
Pope is by some authorities supposed to have been born
Priestley was a resident of Lansdowne house, Berkeley

in Lombard street.

square, when he made the discovery of oxygen. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, lived at the centre of the W. side of Leicester square.

Richardson lived in Salisbury square, Fleet street.

Smith, Sydney, lived in Saville row.

Somers, Lord Chancellor, born in East Smithfield, near the tower (it is said), lived in the large house N. W. corner of Lincoln's Inn fields.

Spenser died in King street, Westminster.

Staël, Mme. de, resided at 30 Argyll street, Regent street. Sterne died at 41 Old Bond street.

Strafford, the great earl of, was born in Chancery lane. Swedenborg resided in Great Bath street, Coldbath fields, and was buried in the Swedish church in Ratcliff highway. Talleyrand resided at the house of the French embassy, Ñ. side of Manchester square.

Thackeray, W. M., resides at 36 Onslow square, Brompton. Thurlow, Lord Chancellor, died at 45 Great Ormond street, where the great seal was stolen from him.

Turner lived at 47 Queen Anne street, Cavendish square. Vandyke died in Blackfriars, and was buried in St. Paul's churchyard.

Voltaire, when in London in 1726, resided at the White Peruke in Maiden lane.

Walpole, Horace, lived at 5 Arlington street, Piccadilly. Walton, Izaak, lived in Chancery lane, 7th house on the left hand from Fleet street to Holborn.

Wellington lived over 80 years in Apsley house.

Wilkes, John, lived in Prince's court, Great George street, Westminster.

Wilkie painted his "Rent Day" at 84 Upper Portland street, and his "Chelsea Pensioners" at 24 Lower Phillimore place, Kensington.

The

LONDONDERRY, a N. maritime co. of Ireland, province of Ulster, bounded N. by the Atlantic ocean and Lough Foyle, E. by the co. of Antrim and Lough Neagh, S. and S. W. by the co. of Tyrone, and W. by Donegal; area, 810 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 191,868. In the centre and toward the S. the surface is mountainous, and elsewhere mostly lowland, which is generally fertile. principal rivers are the Foyle, Bann, and Roe. Agriculture, though improving, is not in a very advanced state. The principal manufacture is the weaving and bleaching of linen. The greater part of the county is held by lease under the Irish society and the 12 London companies to whom it was granted by James I. after the rebellion, whence the prefix of London to the ancient name. The county returns 2 members to parliament, beside 2 for Londonderry city and the borough of Coleraine.-LONDONDERRY, the capital, a city, parliamentary borough, and port, is situated on the left bank of the Foyle, here crossed by a bridge 1,068 feet long, 5 m. above Lough Foyle, and 123 m. N. N. W. from Dublin; pop. in 1851, 19,604. The city is picturesquely built on an oval-shaped hill, the site of ancient Derry, surrounded by walls, beyond which however it has greatly extended. On the summit of the hill stands the cathedral of Derry, 114 feet long and 66 feet wide, with a spire 178 feet high. The diamond or market place, a quadrangular area, is situated in the

centre of the town, and contains the corporation hall; and from the middle of the sides of this 4 principal streets lead to the 4 original

Romilly, Sir Samuel, died at 21 Russell square.

Russell, Lord John, lives at 37 Cheshain place, Belgrave square.

Scott, Sir Walter, resided when in London corner of White Horse street, Piccadilly, and at Mr. Lockhart's, 24 Sussex place, Regent's park.

Shakespeare is supposed to have lived on the Bankside, in
Southwark, near the Globe theatre, and owned a house in
Ireland yard, Blackfriars.

Shelley resided at 41 Hans place, Sloane street.
Sheridan died at 7 Saville row, Burlington gardens.
Siddons, Mrs., lived at 49 Great Marlborough street, died in
Siddons house, top of Upper Baker street, Regert's park.

tue of the Rev. George Walker, celebrated for his defence of the town in the memorable siege of 1689, was erected in 1828 at a cost of £4,200. Communication by steamers is maintained with Liverpool, Glasgow, Greenock, and Campbellton.

LONDONDERRY. I. ROBERT, 2d marquis of. See CASTLEREAGH. II. CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART VANE, 3d marquis of, a British soldier and diplomatist, half brother of the preceding, born in Dublin, May 18, 1778, died in Lon

don, March 6, 1854. At the age of 15, as ensign of a foot regiment, he accompanied the earl of Moira to the Netherlands, and took part in the campaign of 1794. Subsequently, while attached to the British mission at Vienna, he was severely wounded at the battle of Donauwerth. During the Irish rebellion of 1798 he commanded a regiment of dragoons, and also in the expedition to Egypt under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, in the course of which he was again dangerously wounded. He next commanded a hussar brigade under Sir John Moore in Spain, and covered the retreat of the British army to Corunna with great skill and valor. After a few months' absence he returned to the Peninsula, and until May, 1813, held the position of adjutant-general under Sir Arthur Wellesley, signalizing himself at Busaco, Talavera, Fuentes d'Onoro, Badajoz, and elsewhere. During the campaign of 1814, in which he was made a lieutenant-general, he performed the duties of military commissioner of the armies of the allied sovereigns, and in the same year was appointed ambassador to Austria, having previously exercised similar functions at the court of Berlin. His participation in the congress of Vienna in 1815, as one of the 5 British plenipotentiaries, was the last public act of importance of his life. In 1814 he was raised to the peerage as Lord Stewart; in 1822, on the death of his brother, he succeeded to the marquisate of Londonderry; and in 1823 he was created Earl Vane, having in 1819 contracted a second marriage with the only daughter of Sir Harry Vane Tempest, and assumed the name and arms of Vane. With a view of developing the agricultural and mineral resources of his large estates in Durham, he constructed the harbor of Seaham, one of the most costly and useful works ever undertaken by private enterprise. In politics he was an uncompromising tory. In 1837 he was raised to the rank of general in the British army. He is the author of a "History of the Peninsular War" (4to., 1808-'13), and edited the correspondence of his brother, Lord Castlereagh, which was published in 1850.

LONG, GEORGE, an English scholar, born in Poulton, Lancashire, in 1800. He was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he obtained a scholarship in 1821, and subsequently a fellowship. In 1824 he accepted the professorship of ancient languages in the university of Virginia. In 1826 he returned to London, in order to become professor of the Greek language and literature in the London university. In this office he remained until 1831, when he began to edit, for the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, their "Journal of Education," which he continued until 1835. From 1832 to 1843 he edited the "Penny Cyclopædia;" and at the conclusion of the 27th volume, the society and publishers (C. Knight and co.) offered their thanks "to the editor, by whose learning, unwearied diligence, and watchfulness, unity of plan has been maintained during 11 years, and error as far as possible avoided."

During this time Mr. Long became a student of law in the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1837. In 1846 he was invited by the society of the Middle Temple to deliver a course of lectures on jurisprudence and the civil law. This office he soon resigned, but in 1849 was appointed professor of classical literature at Brighton college, where he has since remained. Among his works are editions of Cæsar's "Gallic War" and Cicero's "Orations," a "Classical Atlas, and large contributions to Dr. W. Smith's classical dictionaries. He has translated selections from "Plutarch's Lives" (5 vols., 1844), and published in 1850 " France and its Revolutions." LONG, ROGER, an English clergyman and astronomer, born in Norfolk about 1680, died in Cambridge, Dec. 16, 1770. He was educated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, of which he became vice-chancellor in 1729, and master in 1733. In 1749 he was appointed Lowndes professor of astronomy, and in 1751 rector of Bradwell in Essex. At his death he bequeathed £600 to his college. He was the inventor of the uranium, a singular astronomical machine for facilitating the study of his favorite science, which may still be seen at Pembroke hall. It is a hollow sphere 18 feet in diameter, and capable of containing 30 persons. The inner surface is covered by a map of that portion of the heavens visible in Britain. The most important of Long's works are: "The Rights of Churches and Colleges Defended" (1731); "Treatise on Astronomy," in 5 books (2 vols. 4to., Cambridge, 1742–64; 2d ed., 1784); and “Life of Mahomet" (1757), which is prefixed to Ockley's "History of the Saracens."

LONG, STEPHEN H., an American military and civil engineer, born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1809, subsequently taught school in Germantown, Penn., and in Dec. 1814, was commissioned a lieutenant in the corps of engineers of the U. S. army. After discharging the duties of assistant professor of mathematics at West Point for about a year, he was in April, 1816, transferred to the topographical engineers with the rank of major. During the next 8 years he was employed in a series of explorations of the western frontier, from the northern boundary of Texas to Lake Superior and the sources of the Mississippi, traversing within that period more than 26,000 miles of wilderness, and procuring valuable information respecting those portions of the national domain. An account of an expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky mountains (of which one of the highest summits was named from him Long's peak) in 1819-20, from the notes of Major Long and others, by Edwin James, was published in 1823; and in 1824 appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods," &c., by W. H. Keating (2 vols. 8vo., Philadelphia). He was subsequently employed for several years in duties connected with the improvement of various western rivers, and between 1827 and 1829 took part in

the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. He was one of the pioneers of railroad enterprises in the United States, and his "Railroad Manual" (1829) was the first original treatise of the kind published in this country. Subsequently he was much occupied in surveying routes for railroads, and from 1837 to 1840 was engineer-in-chief of the western and Atlantic railroad in Georgia, in which capacity he introduced a system of curves in the location of roads, and a new species of truss bridges, which have been generally adopted in the United States. He has since been almost constantly engaged in explorations and improvements of western rivers, in superintending the construction of hospitals and steam vessels, in surveys of harbors and roads, and in other labors connected with the engineering department of the U. S. army. He now holds the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel.

LONG ISLAND, an island belonging to the state of New York, between lat. 40° 33' and 41° 6' N., and long. 72° and 74° 2′ W.; area, 1,682 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 303,527. It is bounded on the N. by Long Island sound, and on the E. and S. by the Atlantic ocean; the Narrows, New York bay, and the East river, connecting the ocean with the sound, complete the boundary on the W. and N. W. The greater portion of its extent is opposite the S. shore of Connecticut. Several small islands which lie in the adjacent waters are attached to it politically, among which the principal are Shelter (area, 9,000 acres), Gardiner's, Fisher's, and Plumb islands. From Fort Hamilton on the W. to Montauk point on the extreme E. the distance is variously estimated at from 115 to 140 m. The average width is 14 m., and the extreme width 23 m. The coast is deeply indented with numerous bays and inlets, abounding with shell and other fish. A large deep bay, divided into Gardiner's bay, Little Peconic and Great Peconic, extends inland 30 m., and divides the E. end of the island into two distinct parts, the northern terminating at Oyster Pond point, and the southern at Montauk point, about 20 m. further E. Along the S. border is a remarkable bay nearly 100 m. long and from 2 to 5 m. broad, formed by the Great South beach, a narrow strip of fine white sand fromm. to 1 m. wide, with occasional openings to the ocean. Jamaica, Hempstead, Oyster, and Huntington bays are toward the western end of the island. The coasts of Long island, being on the track of a vast commerce, have been provided by government with an excellent system of lighthouses, and 30 life-boat stations have been established provided with proper facilities for affording aid to vessels in distress. Though much diversified, the surface presents no great elevations. A ridge of hills extends, with occasional interruptions, from the N. boundary of New Utrecht in the W. nearly to the extreme end of the northernmost eastern branch of the island. The highest of these are Harbor hill, at the head of Hempstead harbor, VOL. X.-41

and Jane's hill, one of the West hills in the town of Huntington. A number of spurs known under various names proceed from the main range. To the N. of these hills the surface is generally uneven and broken; to the S., remarkably level, with a gradual inclination toward the sea. There are several large tracts of apparently infertile plains, among which the great Hempstead plain toward the W. is most noted. It is about 12 m. long by from 5 to 6 broad, producing naturally only coarse grass; of this tract about 16,000 acres are still used in common. By the application of suitable manures large portions have been put under profitable cultivation during the last few years. The island, which has always been abundantly supplied with wood, still contains large forests from which the deer have not yet been entirely exterminated. The great pine plains commence about 40 m. from the W. end, and continue almost uninterruptedly for about 50 m., occupying for that extent nearly one half of the island. There are many springs and small streams; the largest of the latter, the Peconic, flows into Great Peconic bay after a course of 15 m., in which it furnishes numerous mill seats. Fine natural ponds or lakes abound, and many swamps and marshes are scattered over the surface. Of salt marsh the island is computed to contain 116 sq. m. The soil is generally very fertile and under a high state of cultivation, a large portion of the agricultural industry of Kings and Queens counties being engaged in providing vegetables for the New York market. The climate, owing to the influence of the sea, is more temperate than the same latitude in the interior, the thermometer seldom falling below zero or rising above 90°, the mean temperature being about 51°. There are 3 counties, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. The principal cities and towns, with their populations in 1855, are: in Kings co., Brooklyn (including since 1854 Williamsburg and Bushwick), pop. 205,250; Flatbush, 3,280; New Utrecht, 2,730; and New Lotts, 2,261; in Queens co., Hempstead, 10,477; North Hempstead, 9,446; Oyster Bay, 8,047; Flushing, 7,970; Jamaica, 5,632; and Newtown, 4,694; in Suffolk co., Brookhaven, 9,696; Huntington, 8,142; Southampton, 6,661; and Southold, 5,676. Among the many public resorts for fishing and sea bathing are Bath, Coney island, Rockaway, Babylon, Fire island, Montauk point, &c. The Long Island railroad passes through nearly the entire length of the island, from Hunter's Point, adjoining Brooklyn on the E., to Greenport; beside this there are the Brooklyn and Jamaica railroad, the Flushing railroad connecting with Hunter's Point, two branches of the Long Island railroad, and horse railroads ramifying through Brooklyn and the surrounding country. When first discovered, Long island was inhabited by 13 tribes of Indians, of whom there now remain but 200 or 300, mixed with negro blood, and retaining no knowledge of their ancient language. The first settlement was made in 1625 by some French Protestants