phlet against the civil constitution which the national assembly wished to impose upon the French clergy. A decided opponent of the revolutionary government, he distinguished himself in the insurrection at Lyons, and left France on the fall of that city, Oct. 9, 1793. Returning to his native country after the 9th Thermidor, he was elected in 1796 to the council of 500, advocated the principles of religious liberty in a report, and, having opposed the directorial government, was again compelled to seek a refuge abroad after the 18th Fructidor. Recalled in 1800, he energetically opposed the designs of Bonaparte, and denounced the frauds in the election of 1802 in a pamphlet entitled Vrai sens du vote national pour le consulat à vie. From that period till the return of the Bourbons he devoted himself exclusively to literature. In 1816 he was elected to the chamber of deputies. A strong adherent of monarchy, he nevertheless supported the most liberal measures, and signalized himself as a member of the opposition after the death of the duke de Berry. He was one of the fathers of the doctrinaire school of politics.

JORDAN, DOROTHY, or DORA, an Irish actress, born near Waterford, Ireland, in 1762, died at St. Cloud, July 3, 1816. She was the daughter of a Capt. Bland, an Irish gentleman, who, having married her mother under age, procured the invalidation of the union. At 16 she made her début in Dublin, under the name of Miss Francis, as Phebe in "As You Like It." She soon, under the name of Mrs. Jordan, by which she was afterward known, was engaged at the York theatre, where she remained for 3 years. She then went to London, and made her first appearance there, Oct. 18, 1785, soon becoming immensely popular in comedy and musical farce. By her talents and remarkable beauty she attracted the attention of the duke of Clarence, afterward William IV. She was at that time under the protection of Mr. Richard Ford, and had several children, but yielded to the admiration of the royal duke. Her children by him were 10 in number, and are known under the name of Fitz-Clarence. At the termination of this connection she went to France, and died there in obscurity and poverty. A monument by Cliantrey was erected to her memory at St. Cloud by William IV. after his accession to the throne. Her professional career was brilliant. She was of an amiable character and a kind heart, and her domestic duties were performed with devotion to the interests of her family. Her "Memoirs," written by J. Boaden, were published in 1831. There is some mystery as to her retirement, which is not cleared up by her biographer, and it was generally supposed that she did not actually die at the time and place stated, but that she lived in England for 7 years after under a different name.

JORGENSON, JORGEN, a Danish adventurer, born in Copenhagen in 1779, died in New South Wales about 1830. He was a member of the well known Danish family of watch and clock

makers named Jürgensen, but Anglicized the name by writing it Jorgenson. Showing no disposition to engage in the family occupation, he was apprenticed at 14 years of age to the master of an English collier, and subsequently, it is said, served in the British navy as a midshipman. Having returned to Copenhagen, in 1807 he sailed thence in command of a privateer, and was captured and taken to England, where he was put upon his parole. The unprotected condition of the remote Danish colonies at that time suggested to him the idea of an expedition against Iceland, and he succeeded in inducing a London merchant named Phelps to freight a vessel for the purpose of opening a trade with the inhabitants. Jorgenson arrived at Reikiavik in Jan. 1809; but finding that obstacles to commerce were raised by the governor, Count Trampe, he returned to England, and in company with Mr. Phelps made his reappearance in Reikiavik in the succeeding June. A convention had meanwhile been concluded between Trampe and the commander of a British vessel of war, providing for trade between the Icelanders and British subjects; but notwithstanding the solicitations of Phelps and Jorgenson, the governor refused to promulgate it. Under these circumstances the former landed, June 25, with a party of 12 sailors, arrested Count Trampe and took him on board their vessel, and on the succeeding day Jorgenson issued a proclamation that Iceland was free and independent of Denmark. Another proclamation, dated July 11, announced that Jorgenson had assumed the position of protector of the country, with supreme power, until the formation of a regular constitution. No opposition was offered to these proceedings, although the inhabitants of the island numbered upward of 50,000, and the army of Jorgensen did not exceed 8 men, the Icelanders evidently feeling no dissatisfaction at the change of masters. The protector succeeded at the outset by the repeal of various restrictions in conciliating all classes; but his wholesale confiscations of Danish property began presently to excite suspicions as to his character and intentions. In August the British sloop of war Talbot suddenly made her appearance at the island, and her captain, having, upon the application of some of the inhabitants, examined into the transactions of the previous two months, sent both Jorgensen and Trampe to England. The former opened a correspondence with the admiralty, but it having transpired that he was a prisoner of war who had broken his parole, he was confined for a time in Tothill Fields prison. In 1811 he published a work entitled "State of Christianity in Otaheite, and a Defence of the Gospel against Modern Antichrists." Upon the conclusion of the war he travelled on the continent, and in 1817 published "Travels in France and Germany in 1815-'17." He subsequently fell into bad habits, and in May, 1820, was tried at the Old Bailey for theft, and sentenced to 7 years' transportation. After several months' confine

ment he was released on condition of leaving the country; but having failed to do so, he was rearrested and received sentence of death. This was changed to transportation for life, and in 1825 he was sent to New South Wales. Previous to his departure from England he published "The Religion of Christ is the Religion of Nature, written in the condemned cells of Newgate, by Jorgen Jorgenson, late Governor of Iceland" (8vo., London, 1827).

JORNANDES, or according to the oldest MSS. JORDANES, a Gothic historian, who lived about the middle of the 6th century. He was at first one of the notaries or rather secretaries of the king of the Alani, who inhabited Mosia, and afterward, becoming a convert to Christianity, he embraced the monastic state. It has been said, but without proof, that he was bishop of some city of Italy. He wrote De Getarum sive Gothorum Origine et Rebus Gestis, which is chiefly an extract from Cassiodorus's lost "History of the Goths." Notwithstanding its many shortcomings and incorrect style, it is an important work. He left also, under the title De Regnorum ac Temporum Successione, a dry synopsis of universal history, which has been generally printed at the end of his Gothic history. The 1st edition of the latter is that published by Peutinger with Warnefrid's "History of the Lombards" (Augsburg, 1515). It has been frequently reprinted in various historical collections; the last and most correct edition is to be found in Muratori's Scriptores Rerum Italicarum.

JORTIN, JOHN, an English divine and author, born in London in 1698, died in Kensington, Sept. 5, 1770. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1719, and after holding various livings he became archdeacon of London in 1764. He was a voluminous and elegant writer. His most important works are: "Observations upon Authors, Ancient and Modern;""Remarks on Ecclesiastical History;" "Life of Erasmus;" and Lusus Poetici, a small volume of Latin poetry. He also wrote criticisms on Spenser, Milton, Tillotson, and Seneca, and published several volumes of sermons.

JORULLO, a volcano of Mexico, in the department of Valladolid, lat. 19° 9′ N., long. 103° 51′ W., about 120 m. E. from the Pacific. It is one of the 5 volcanoes which are ranged upon an E. and W. line extending across Mexico. These are Tuxtla, Orizaba, Popocatepetl, Jorullo, and Colima. Jorullo stands upon the plain of Malpais, a portion of the great platform the elevation of which is 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. Around this plain are hills of basalt and ancient volcanic rocks; but up to the middle of the last century the region was not known to be subject to volcanic action. It was under cultivation, and watered by two streams, the Cuitimba and San Pedro. In June, 1759, earthquakes began to be frequent, and so continued to the end of September, when flames burst forth from the ground, and rocks were hurled upward to great heights. A chasm

opened on a line extending N.N.E., S.S.W., and on this 6 volcanic cones were formed; the least rising 300 feet above the plain, and Jorullo 1,700 feet. Streams of lava flowed forth from it, and the eruptions continued till February of the next year. In 1803 the locality was visited by Humboldt. He found around the central group an area of about 4 square miles which appeared to have been raised up in convex form, the portion near to the cones being about 550 feet higher than the margin of this area, and the slope at an angle with the horizon of about 6°. Scattered over this surface were thousands of small mounds called hornitos or little ovens, 6 to 9 feet high, from which issued steam and sulphurous vapors. The plain was traversed by large fissures, which sent forth similar exhalations. The two little rivers were lost beneath the surface on the E. side, and appeared again on the W. as hot springs. The ground was still hot, but had been gradually cooling since the time of the great eruption. Humboldt was of the opinion that the whole raised surface had been puffed up from its former level by a force applied beneath. Mr. Scrope, however, suggests that the elevation was more probably caused by the accumulation of lava flowing from the several outlets near the centre; and he states in support of this view that lava currents elsewhere cool at angles with the horizon about the same as those of the slopes around Jorullo. In 1827 it was observed that the vapors had ceased to appear from the hornitos or fumaroles, and at the bottom of the crater there were but faint exhibitions of them. The ground had then become cool, the natives were again cultivating the more fertile tracts upon the plain, and the new hills were covered with a thick growth of wood.

JOSEPH, son of Jacob and Rachel, having a younger brother Benjanin and 10 elder half brothers. He was envied by his brethren on account of his father's partiality toward him; and their aversion was increased by two dreams that he told, in which was foreshadowed his preeminence in the family. Conspiring against him, they sold him for a slave to a caravan of Arabian merchants, and he was taken to Egypt. There he rose to the highest power in the house of Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh. The wife of Potiphar, stung by his rejection of her licentious advances, caused his imprisonment on a false charge; but his successful interpretation of the king's dreams soon raised him to supreme authority at the court. One of the dreams foretold a famine, against which he made ample provision, and such was his distinction that he married the daughter of the high priest of On or Heliopolis. While the famine prevailed, his brethren came from Canaan to Egypt to purchase corn. He at once recognized them, and after a period of delay in which he became convinced that they had lamented and repented of their former cruelty to him, he made himself known to them, and appropriated to Jacob and his family the land of Goshen. The Egyptian

people were at length obliged to pay with their land for food from the public granaries, so that "Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh," and the whole territory of the country, excepting that of the priests, was let to the population as tenants. The story of Joseph is one of the most interesting portions of the Mosaic writings. He died at the age of 110 years, and left two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, who, being adopted by Jacob, took their place among the heads of the tribes of Israel.

JOSEPH, the spouse of Mary the mother of Jesus Christ. He was of the tribe of Judah, and a descendant of David. St. Matthew and St. Luke give his genealogy, the former making him the son of Jacob and descended from David through Solomon, and the latter calling his father Eli and tracing his lineage through Nathan. This discrepancy is explained in various ways. Julius Africanus supposes that Jacob and Eli were brothers, and that, Eli dying without children, Jacob married his widow, who bore him Joseph. The child was thus the son of Eli according to the Mosaic law, but of Jacob according to nature. Other commentators assume that the genealogy given by St. Luke is that of Mary. It is not known where Joseph was born. He lived at Nazareth, where, according to the received tradition, he followed the trade of a carpenter, when he was betrothed to Mary. Finding her pregnant, he was minded to put her away; but being warned by an angel in a dream that she was with child of the Holy Ghost, he took her to himself, but knew her not till she had brought forth her first born son, who was called Jesus. Joseph is supposed to have died before the crucifixion of the Saviour, but there is little mention of him in the Scriptures. He is held in high honor in the Roman Catholic church, and March 19 is assigned as his festival. In painting he is represented with a lily or flowering branch.

JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany, of the house of Hapsburg, eldest son of Leopold I. by his 3d wife, born July 26, 1678, died in 1711. He was elected titular king of Hungary and Rome at an early age, and after the death of his father succeeded to his hereditary possessions, as well as to the imperial throne of Germany in 1705, inheriting at the same time a double war, against Louis XIV. for the succession of his brother Charles to the throne of, Spain, and in Hungary against the revolted patriots under Francis Rákóczy. He was willing to make concessions to the Protestants of Hungary and other provinces, frequently attempted to negotiate with the insurgents, and readily yielded to the demands of Charles XII. of Sweden in behalf of the Protestants of Silesia, which country the young conqueror crossed on his march from Poland to Saxony without even asking the permission of the distracted emperor. The victories of Marlborough and Eugene in the war of the Spanish succession allowed Joseph, who had personally taken part in the siege of Landau, to send considerable forces against the

Hungarians, and dissensions which broke out in the camp of the latter slowly prepared a final triumph of the imperial arms. Shortly before the death of Joseph, Count Pálffy succeeded in concluding a treaty with the insurgents at Szatmár, in the absence of Rákóczy. Joseph was of a mild disposition, and exceedingly fond of ceremony and of the chase. He founded an academy of sciences and arts at Vienna, and a national bank. He was succeeded by Charles VI.

JOSEPH II., emperor of Germany, elder son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, born March 13, 1741, died Feb. 20, 1790. His mother, the last offspring of the original Austrian line of Hapsburg princes, had acquired her right of succession to the various hereditary thrones of her father by the pragmatic sanction of the latter, and the supreme power in Germany by the election of her husband Francis of Lorraine (subsequently of Tuscany) to the imperial dignity; but she had scarcely ascended the throne when all her claims were disputed by a number of enemies, among whom Frederic the Great of Prussia was the ablest and most dangerous. When Joseph was born, his mother placed him and her rights under the protection of the Hungarian nation, which gallantly responded to her confidence, and Prince Batthyányi afterward took the principal charge of his education. Ambitious, but obstinate, Joseph gave proofs of considerable capacity. Languages, mathematics, war, and music were the studies to which he devoted most of his zeal. He participated in none of the campaigns of the 7 years' war, though this was waged in the years of his advanced youth, and though he admired no less the military glory of its hero, Frederic, than he did after its close his peaceful career. He suocessively married and lost without issue a princess of Parma and a princess of Bavaria. Made titular king of Rome in 1764, he became emperor of Germany on the death of his father in the following year; but this was then little more than an empty title, and in the hereditary possessions of his mother he received only the dignity of assistant without any real influence, though placed at the head of military affairs. Impatient of the inactivity to which he was doomed while wearing the crown of the Cæsars, Joseph at various periods undertook extensive travels incognito, traversing not only the countries which were to be ruled by his sceptre, Hungary, Bohemia, &c., but also non-Austrian Germany, Italy, Spain, Holland, and France. In the last named country, where his sister Marie Antoinette still shared the popularity of her royal husband, with whom she was destined also to share the scaffold, he was received with the admiration which naturally attached to a monarch who in his diet and dress imitated the frugality of a Marcus Aurelius, and who after the death of his father had burned his 22,000,000 florins of paper money, in order to restore his private inheritance to the state. In Germany he had an interview with Frederic in his camp at Neisse in Silesia, a province which that king