Roman Catholic church, neglecting Greek letters, fostered the Latin studies of the Vulgate and of canonical laws. The Benedictines of Monte Casino (founded in 529) and other monasteries copied the best Latin authors. Theodore, an Asiatic Greek, introduced, while primate (668), both Greek and Latin works into England. The venerable Bede in England (672735), and his disciple Alcuin of York (735-804), patronized by Charlemagne, residing at Tours, promoted the study of the ancients. The crusades (1096-1270) expanded the mind of Europeans, refined their manners by intercourse with the more cultivated oriental nations, introduced many inventions and improvements, and gave an impulse to commerce and geographical researches, which were still further promoted by the conquests of Genghis Khan (1206-227) and of Kublai (1259-'94), opening a view as far as Japan. In imitation of the Arabs, medical schools were founded at Salerno (1100) and Montpellier (1150), and universities with the faculty of the 7 liberal arts at Paris and many other cities. Roger Bacon (1214-'94) opened new paths to inquiry by the study of nature and the languages. But while most scholars were exhausting their energies in dialectical quibbles, and civil law was studied at Bologna, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Dante were reviving the genius of the ancient classics. Manuel Chrysoloras (1395) lectured with great success in many cities of Italy on Greek literature. Aurispa and others imported manuscripts. A galaxy of events, restorations, inventions, discoveries, improvements, and institutions of learning, commonly called the renaissance, dates from the middle of the 15th century. About 30 new universities were founded, and the number of public libraries was greatly increased. Prominent among the liberal patrons of learning were Alfonso V., king of Naples and Sicily (1442), Cosmo (1429-'63) and Lorenzo de' Medici (1469-92), and Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary (1458-'90). The fall of Constantinople (May 29, 1453) scattered the treasures of Greek lore over Europe. Greek works were printed in Italy in the original and in Latin versions, and Aldus Manutius published nearly 20 Greek writers before the 15th century closed. Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522), admired by J. Argyropulos for his Latin translation of Thucydides, pronounced Greek like the modern Greeks, and also studied Hebrew. Erasmus of Rotterdam (1467-1536) was graduated as doctor at Bologna, taught Greek at Cambridge, pronouncing it as it is written, esteemed the English next to the Italians in learning, and wrote various works in admirable Latin. Fox taught Greek at Oxford in 1517, where a Greek professorship was established in 1519. Thomas More (died 1535) was a distinguished classical scholar. Peter Martyr, Martin Bucer, and other foreigners taught successfully in England. Sir T. Smith was professor of Greek at Cambridge in 1533, before being secretary of state under Elizabeth. Sir John Cheke, professor of Greek at Cambridge,

became tutor and secretary of state to Edward VI. Roger Ascham was preceptor to Elizabeth and her Latin secretary. George Buchanan (1506-'82) was a great Latin scholar (ov σKOTOS ny, adλa paos EKOTin, a light of Scotland). Even English ladies were then familiar with Greek, while the learned men of Europe corresponded in Latin. Budé, who commented on the Greek orators, the great scholars and printers Robert and Henry Stephens, Isaac Casaubon of Geneva, and J. C. Scaliger of Venice were promoters of classical learning in France. M. A. Muret, a French teacher in Italy, wrote almost Ciceronian Latin. J. J. Scaliger (1593-1609) commented on many Latin authors, edited Manetho's and Eratosthenes's lists of Egyptian kings, amended chronology, studied Arabic under great difficulties, and introduced philology and archæology into the newly founded (1574) university of Leyden. Melanchthon (1492-1560), successor of Reuchlin at Wittenberg, improved the system of schools, and Luther exalted the High German above the other dialects by his version of the Bible. Francis I.," the father of letters," founded the royal college at Paris. Lord Bacon (1561-1626) laid a solid foundation for science in all its branches by substituting the method of observation and induction for Aristotelian speculation. Richard Bentley (1662-1742), unrivalled in conjectural emendation and keen perception of the genius of the Greek language, was the founder of historical criticism. Barnes, Dawes, Markland, and Porson (died in 1808) carried etymology to a high degree of accuracy. Holland, distinguished for liberty and commerce, became preeminent in learning, thanks to the labors of Hemsterhuys (1685-1766), Valckenaer (1715-'85), Oudendorp, Drakenborch, and other natives, and to the German Ruhnken (1723-'98) and the Swiss Wyttenbach. Dutch scholarship may be said to have begun with Gerhard Groot in the 14th century. It was sustained by Gronovius, Penzonius, Erpenius, Golius, Schultens, and Reland. The Elzevirs aided all their labors by their typographical enterprise. Germany soon began to vie with Holland, and has maintained since then the front rank in philological studies. Some of her principal scholars are Fabricius (1668-1736) at Hamburg, Gesner at Göttingen, Ernesti (1707-'81) at Leipsic, who defined philology as studia humaniora; Heyne (1729-1812) at Göttingen, who brought general literature to bear on philology; Reiz (1733– '90), who introduced a rational in place of an empirical method of grammar; IIermann (1772– 1848), the reformer of Greek grammar; F. A. Wolf, who, developing the views of Vico and Villoison, endeavored to prove that the Homeric poems were the product of several authors; B. G. Niebuhr (1776-1831), who, accepting this view and making a further application of it, reconstructed the history of Rome; Schleiermacher, who continued to show the connection between classical studies and modern literature, and comprehensively interpreted Plato;

Boeckh, whose common sense was not overwhelmed by classical lore; and K. O. Müller, whose genial mind was exerted in multifarious researches. Works on mythology, containing much beside classical erudition, were produced by Lobeck, Creuzer, and others. The Germans, however, are surpassed by the English in finished skill and practical mastery over the resources of Greek and Latin learning. Eminent illustrations of this fact are the discussion of the early history of Rome by Sir G. C. Lewis, and the review and analysis of the Homeric poems by the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, both finance ministers. Among the most distinguished promoters of oriental learning are Herbelot (died in 1695), Galland, Du Halde, Meninski, Anquetil-Duperron, De Guignes, Thomas Hyde, Edward Pococke, Simon Ockley, Chappelow, Kennicott, Ludolf, Reiske, Michaelis, Eichhorn, Rosenmüller, Gesenius, the great Sylvestre de Sacy, and Freytag. Though not professional philologists, the following great thinkers should be noticed for their important influence on the progress of good taste and philosophy: Leibnitz (1647-1716); Lessing (1729–'81), who gave to German literature a native and original character; Winckelmann (1717-'68), the historian of ancient art; and Kant (1721-1804), whose definition of language as the organ of thought raised glossology to the dignity of a science (called in German Sprachkunde). The foundations of learned societies and libraries are also worthy of notice, as the English royal society in 1662, the académie des inscriptions in 1663 and des sciences in 1666, the bibliothèque du roi in 1667, the royal academy of Berlin in 1700, the university of Göttingen with a philological seminary in 1737, and with a scientific society in 1751, the academy of sciences at St. Petersburg in 1724, and the scientific society at Upsal in 1728, and at Stockholm in 1739. After that of Göttingen, philological schools were established at Erlangen in 1774, then at Kiel, and successively in most of the universities of Germany, and at Dorpat in Russia. On the occasion of the centennial jubilee of the foundation of the university of Göttingen (1837), it was determined to hold assemblies of philologians annually in the principal cities of Germany, the first of which took place at Munich in 1838. By that which was held at Dresden in 1844 an oriental section was organized. The domain both of classical and sacred philology has been surveyed by F. A. Wolf, Vorlesungen über die Encyklopädie der Alterthumswissenschaft (Leipsic, 1831); G. Bernhardy, Grundlinien zur Encyklopa lie der Philologie (Halle, 1832); A. Matthia, Encyklopädie und Methodologie der Philologie (Leipsic, 1855); and Haase, art. Philologie in Ersch and Gruber's cyclopædia (1847). Boeckh distributes the functions of philology into two groups, viz: A, for al, verbal, consisting of exegesis and criticism, and comprehending grammar, lexicography, and interpretation of texts; B, material, real, containing political history with chronology and geography,

public and private antiquities, mythology and archæology, and history of literature. All these may be also severally entitled grammar, history, and hermeneutics. The aims attained by philology are knowledge of antiquities, æsthetics, ethics, and history. Its sources are manuscripts, books, coins, inscriptions, and all other monuments.-Glossology or idiomology includes all the linguistic results of philology, and examines whatever is living in the organism of all forms of speech, whether pertaining to ancient or modern, powerful or weak, sacred or profane, civilized or savage nations or tribes. It aims to discover the laws of speech, to pierce into prehistoric darkness, and to trace the origin not only of states but of all human opinions. The establishment of a British empire in India (1755-'65) was the foundation also of the science of glossology or comparative philology. By command of Warren Hastings, a translation of Hindoo and Mohammedan laws was edited by N. B. Halhed in 1776. By the exertions of Sir William Jones, who wrote a Persian grammar and translated the Sakontala, Manu's ordinances, &c., the Asiatic society was founded at Calcutta in 1784, and Sanscrit was opened to the scrutiny of the European mind. Lipsius, Salmasius, and others, had already written on analogies between various languages. Scaliger and Wilkins made comparisons between the Persian and German, and Junius between the Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon. Leibnitz had suggested sound principles of ethnography, and advised collections of comparative lists of words. G. Hickes had published a Thesaurus GrammaticoCriticus et Archæologicus Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium (1715). Pater Nosters had been collated by Gesner (1555), Wilkins, Chamberlayne (1715), and Hervas (1784). Sanscrit had been studied by Handleben, Holwell, who wrote on Indian mythology, Dow, and Wesdin (St. Bartolomeo), but without important results, as there was no method in their pursuits. The following is a list of some of the most prominent scholars, with their principal works, who have most successfully advanced comparative philology: H. T. Colebrooke, Amara Cosha (an Arabic dictionary); W. Carey, a Sanscrit grammar; C. Wilkins, grammar, and version of the Hitopadesa (Bilpay's fables); F. Schlegel, Sprache und Weisheit der Indier; A. W. Schlegel, Indische Bibliothek; Prichard, inaugural dissertation on the varieties of the human race; H. H. Wilson, Sanscrit dictionary; F. Bopp, comparative grammar; Monier Williams, English-Sanscrit dictionary; Foucher d'Obsonville, Puranas; Gorresio, Ramaya a; Lassen, and Burnout. Eminent in other branches of glossology are the Slavists Dobrowski, Schaffarik, and Linde, the brothers Grimm, and Rask, a most sagacious inquirer into the old Norse, Finnic, Zend, Sanscrit, and Romanic languages, to whom, earlier than to J. L. Grimm, the law of the transition of consonants was known. Many other names are given in the articles on the several languages.

LANGUEDOC, one of the largest and most beautiful of the old provinces of France, bounded N. by Lyonnais, Auvergne, and Guienne, E. by the Rhône, S. by the Mediterranean, Roussillon, and the Pyrénées, and W. by Guienne and Gascony; length about 170 m., breadth about 90 m. It was divided into Haut-Languedoc, Bas-Languedoc, and the Cévennes. Out of this province have been formed the departments of Haute-Loire, Lozère, Ardèche, Gard, Hérault, Aude, Tarn, and portions of Haute-Garonne and Tarn-et-Garonne. The canal of Languedoc, which extends from the Garonne to the Mediterranean, is over 150 m. in length.

LANIERE, NICOLO, an Italian painter, engraver, and musician, born in 1568, died about the middle of the 17th century. He settled in London and became a favorite with Charles I., who appointed him in 1626 his chapelmaster, with a salary of £200. He composed the music and painted the scenes for a inasque of Ben Jonson's performed in 1617, and is said to have written the music to Pierce's funeral hymn for Charles I. He was also a dealer in pictures, and was instrumental in procuring for Charles the gallery of the duke of Mantua, containing some of Mantegna's finest works, at an outlay of £20,000.

LANIGAN, JOHN, D.D., an Irish clergyman and author, born in Cashel in 1758, died in Finglas, near Dublin, July 7, 1828. About the age of 16 he entered the Irish college at Rome, where he took orders and received the degree of D.D. He was soon afterward appointed to the chair of Hebrew, divinity, and the Scriptures at Pavia; and when the university was deserted in 1796 in consequence of the war, he returned to Ireland and was elected to a similar position in the college of Maynooth. His election having been opposed however by the bishop of Cork, who suspected him of Gallicanism, he refused the professorship, and obtained an appointment in the record tower of Dublin castle, to which were added in 1799 the duties of librarian, editor, and translator for the Dublin society. This position he retained until 1821, when his intellect became impaired, and he passed the rest of his life in a private lunatic asylum at Finglas. He left an "Introduction concerning the Nature, Present State, and True Interests of the Church of England, and on the Means of effecting a Reconciliation of the Churches," and an "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland" (4 vols. 8vo., 1822), which has been much praised for learning and critical acumen. He also published an Irish edition of the Roman breviary, and an edition of Alban Butler's "Moral Discourses," with a preface.

LANJUINAIS, JEAN DENIS, count, a French jurist and statesman, born in Rennes, March 12, 1753, died in Paris, Jan. 13, 1827. When scarcely 22 years of age he won by public competition the professorship of ecclesiastical law in his native city. He acquired great reputation both as a lecturer and a barrister, was in 1789 elected a deputy to the states-general,

took an active part in nearly all the great measures of the constituent assembly, framed the bill for the civil constitution of the French clergy, and was the first mover of a plan, afterward adopted and embodied in the civil code, by which the registration of births, marriages, and deaths was to be transferred from ecclesiastics to municipal officers. On the adjourn ment of the constituent assembly he returned to Rennes, where he lectured upon constitutional law, and was soon made a counsellor in the national high court. In 1792, being sent to the convention, he resisted the extreme measures of the revolutionists, tried to have the accusation against Louis XVI. set aside, protested against the illegality of the proceedings in that prince's trial, and, being obliged to participate in it, voted for his confinement and subsequent banishment. He sided with the Girondists, was arrested on June 2, 1793, escaped to Rennes, was outlawed, and succeeded in secreting himself for 18 months in a closet in his own house. On the fall of Robespierre he claimed his seat as a deputy, but was not reinstated until 1795. He afterward became president of the assembly. On the organization of the directorial government he was elected to the council of the ancients by 73 departments. After the 18th Brumaire he was appointed a member of the senate, opposed the consulate for life and the establishment of the empire, received nevertheless the title of count from Napoleon, and was one of the members who voted for the deposition of the emperor in 1814. He was made a peer by Louis XVIII., submitted to Napoleon when he returned from Elba, presided over the chamber of deputies during the Hundred Days, and on the 2d restoration resumed his seat in the chamber of peers. Here he advocated liberal opinions, opposing the reactionary measures of the Villèle ministry and the growing influence of the clergy. He was acquainted with the oriental languages; he entered the academy of inscriptions in 1808, became afterward a member of the Asiatic society of Paris, and was elected associate of the philosophical society of Philadelphia. His works have been published in 4 vols. 8vo. (Paris, 1832). LANNER. See FALCON.

LANNES, JEAN, duke of Montebello, a marshal of France, born in Lectoure, in the old province of Guienne, April 11, 1769, died in Vienna, May 31, 1809. He was the child of poor parents, who apprenticed him at 15 years of age to a dyer. Ile quitted this occupation in 1792, and enlisting in the army, soon attained the rank of chef de brigade. In 1795 he was included among the officers whom the report of the committee charged with reorganizing the army recommended to be dropped from the service; but disdaining an inactive life, he followed Bonaparte to Italy in 1796, with the intention of recommencing his career as a volunteer. At the outset of the campaign he attracted the notice of his general, and for his bravery at the battle of Millesimo he was promoted on the field

to the command of a demi-brigade of the line. At the passage of the Po, May 7, he was the first to reach the opposite shore; and at the succeeding engagement at Fombio, his impetuous valor contributed in a great measure to the French victory, as also at the bridge of Lodi and the assault of Pavia, subsequent to which he was made a brigadier-general. At the battle of Arcole, Nov. 14, he was wounded in two places; but learning on the following day that the combat had been renewed before the bridge of Arcole, he mounted his horse, and plunging into the thickest of the fight was struck senseless by a ball while urging on the troops. In two months he was again in the field, and participated in some of the most important achievements of the campaign of 1797 until the peace of Campo Formio. He followed Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798, and fought with distinction at Gaza, Jaffa, Kakoum, St. Jean d'Acre, and Aboukir. At the last named place he was severely wounded while storming a redoubt. Returning to France, he contributed greatly to the success of the 18th Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), receiving as a recompense for his services the command of the consular guard; and in the spring of 1800, as general of division, he took command of the advanced guard of the army with which Napoleon entered Italy over the St. Bernard, and he ended a series of brilliant achievements by completely beating the Austrians under Ott at Montebello, with a loss to them of 5,000 men, whence he subsequently received the title of duke of Montebello. For his conduct at Marengo, in which with his corps he sustained for 7 hours the attacks of the Austrian army supported by a powerful train of artillery, he was presented with a sword of honor, and he was selected to present to the French government the standards taken from the Austrians. In 1801 he was sent to Lisbon as minister plenipotentiary, but showed in this capacity so arbitrary and rapacious a disposition and so little of diplomatic finesse, that it was deemed necessary to recall him. In 1804 he was created a marshal of the empire, and in the succeeding year he accompanied Napoleon to the Austrian campaign in command of the left wing of the army. He was present at Wertingen, Ülm, and Braunau, and occupied Linz; and at Austerlitz, where he had two aids killed by his side, he fought with characteristic bravery and obstinacy. He was actively employed in the campaign of 1806 against the Prussians; and at the battle of Jena, where he commanded the centre, he narrowly escaped death from a musket ball which pierced his clothing. He subsequently participated in the campaign against the Russians, terminating at the battle of Friedland, June 14, 1807, where with his single corps he sustained the attack of Benningsen's troops until the French reserves came up and assumed the offensive. The failure during this campaign of the attempt to storm the intrenched Russian camp at Heilsberg, June 10, gave occasion for a fierce altercation between Napoleon and Lannes, in which the former was boldly accused of manVOL X.-20

ifesting an undue partiality for his brother-inlaw, Murat. In 1808 Lannes accompanied the emperor into Spain, and, having defeated Castaños and Palafox at Tudela, conducted the siege of Saragossa, which after a defence of many days, memorable alike for the heroic endurance of the inhabitants and the energy and skill of the French marshal, capitulated Feb. 21, 1809. He was almost immediately summoned to Germany, where the campaign of 1809 had already commenced, and placed in command of the 2d corps d'armée, numbering 50,000 men. At Eckmühl, April 22, his services mainly contributed to the successful issue of the battle, and at the assault on Ratisbon on the succeeding day he signalized himself by one of those daring acts for which he was conspicuous even among Napoleon's generals. Seeing that his men hesitated to enter the breach under a heavy fire from the ramparts, he seized a scaling ladder and led them in through a storm of shot, thereby carrying the place in a few minutes. The sanguinary battles of Aspern and Essling, May 21 and 22, witnessed the termination of his career. On the 21st he held the village of Essling against repeated attacks of the Austrians, until both armies, wearied by the labors and toils of the day, slept upon their arms. On the succeeding day he headed an immense column of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, which Napoleon hurled on the Austrian centre, and which, but for the obstinate resistance of the duke of Reuss's reserve grenadiers thrown into squares, would have cut the Austrian army in two. Lannes was forced back toward the bridge connecting the left bank of the Danube with the island of Lobau, whither the French were soon in full retreat; but here, in command of the rear guard, he effectually checked the advance of the fresh troops whom the archduke Charles was constantly bringing up. To animate his men in this desperate struggle with a victorious enemy, he dismounted from his horse, and stationed himself in the front ranks. At that moment he was struck by a cannon ball, which carried away the whole of his right leg, and the foot and ankle of his left. As he was borne from the field by his grenadiers, he encountered the emperor, who, kneeling by his litter, embraced him with tears, and showed an unusual degree of emotion. Amputation was resorted to with no perceptible relief, and Lannes, after lingering for 9 days in great agony, expired in Vienna, whither he had been removed soon after the battle of Essling. "Lannes," said Napoleon at St. Helena, "when I first took him by the hand, was a mere ignoramus. His education had been much neglected, but he made great progress, and would in time doubtless have become a general of the first class. He was a man of extraordinary bravery. Calm in the midst of danger, he possessed a clear and penetrating observation, and was quick to profit by every occasion which presented itself. Violent and ungovernable in his expressions, sometimes even in my presence, he was nevertheless greatly

attached to me. In his paroxysms of anger he would permit no one to speak to him, and it was not always prudent to attempt it while he was in these moods. He had also the habit of coming to me and complaining that we could put no reliance on such and such a person. As a general he was far below Moreau or Soult." On another occasion he said of him: "With Lannes, courage at first predominated over judgment; but the latter quality daily gained strength, and was rapidly establishing an equilibrium. He had already become a great general at the time of his death. I found him a dwarf and I lost him a giant." A statue of him was erected in his native place after the revolution of July, 1830. His son, the present duke of Montebello, was a minister under Louis Philippe, and is a proprietor of vineyards in Champagne. LANSDOWNE, WILLIAM PETTY, 1st marquis of, better known as the earl of Shelburne, a British statesman, born May 2, 1737, died May 2, 1805. In early life he entered the army, and served with distinction under Prince Ferdinand in the 7 years' war. Upon the death of his father in April, 1761, he took his seat in the house of peers, where he manifested so much ability for the discharge of public duties, that upon the formation of the Grenville ministry in April, 1763, he was appointed president of the board of trade, with a seat in the cabinet, although he was not then 26 years of age. In this capacity he distinguished himself by a conciliatory policy toward America, and by his cpposition to the plans proposed for taxing the colonies, thereby incurring the hostility of the king and of his colleagues. Upon the remodelling of the cabinet in September he resigned office, and thenceforth attached himself to the policy and fortunes of Mr. Pitt, who, upon assuming the reins of government in 1766, made him secretary of state for the southern department, which included the colonies. He here renewed his endeavors to remove all causes of complaint between the colonies and the mother country, but was constantly thwarted by Townshend, the duke of Grafton, and others of his colleagues, who during the illness of Pitt, now become earl of Chatham, had acquired a predominating influence in the cabinet. Not choosing to resign until he could advise with Chatham, he was dismissed by the king in Oct. 1768; and thenceforth, during the Grafton and North administrations, he proved himself one of the ablest and most active opponents of the ministry in the upper house. Upon the resignation of Lord North in March, 1782, he took office under the marquis of Rockingham; and upon the death of the latter in July of that year he was intrusted by the king, who had begun to put much confidence in him, with the formation of a new ministry. The new premier had to encounter the opposition of the Fox party, who were disappointed that the duke of Portland had not received office; and the coalition between these and the adherents of Lord North compelled him to resign in Feb. 1783. But

during the 7 months that he held office the defence of Gibraltar and the victories of Hood and Rodney added lustre to the British arms; and the preliminaries for peace with America and for the acknowledgment of the independence of the United States were concluded, notwithstanding he had joined Lord Chatham in expressing the "strongest disapprobation" of the latter measure. From this period he retired almost wholly from public life. In 1784 he was created marquis of Lansdowne. Lord Shelburne was considered one of the most liberal and accomplished statesmen of his time, and probably carried out more fully than any of his contemporaries the principles inculcated by the elder Pitt.-HENRY PETTY FITZMAURICE, 3d marquis of, 2d son of the preceding, born July 2, 1780. He was educated at Westminster school; subsequently spent some years in Edinburgh under the instruction of Dugald Stewart, where he imbibed liberal principles from frequent intercourse with Brougham, Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, and others; and was graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1801. Upon coming of age he entered parliament for the borough of Calne, succeeded to the representation of Cambridge university on the death of Mr. Pitt, and upon the formation of the "all the talents" ministry under Grenville and Fox in Feb. 1806, was appointed chancellor of the exchequer, being within a few weeks of the age at which his father had first accepted office 43 years previous. Lord Henry Petty, as he was called, identified himself from the outset of his career with the support of the leading measures of the liberal party, but was precluded by the short duration of the ministry in which he held office from fully displaying his financial abilities. He retired with his colleagues in 1807; and succeeding to his title two years later, on the demise of his brother, he became one of the whig leaders in the house of peers, a position which his amenity of manners, grasp of information, and ready powers of debate well qualified him to fill. During the long interval in which the whigs remained out of office he was an earnest and active advocate of Catholic_emancipation and the abolition of slavery, and was one of the first to urge the necessity of parliamentary reform and free trade. After 20 years' exclusion from a participation in the administration of public affairs, he was appointed, in Aug. 1827, home secretary in the short-lived cabinet of Viscount Goderich. Upon the formation of Earl Grey's ministry in Nov. 1830, he received the appointment of president of the council, an office which he held uninterruptedly, with the exception of a few months, until Sept. 1841, when he retired with his colleagues of the Melbourne ministry. He accepted the same office again under Lord John Russell's administration in July, 1846, and held it until Feb. 1852. Upon the formation of the Aberdeen cabinet in the succeeding December he was solicited to return to his former post, but declined, whereupon he was offered a seat in the cabinet without office,