yet reached by any expedition. Father Knoblecher, however, succeeded in stemming the rapids, and on the 16th reached the village of Logwek, in lat. 4° 10. Climbing a solitary granite peak 600 feet high, from which the village is named, he traced the course of the river toward the S. W. until it was lost from sight between the mountains Rego and Kidi. Beyond these, on the verge of the horizon, rose a range of hills scarcely visible in the distance, which probably lie under the parallel of 3° N. The width of the river was here 650 feet, and its depth from 5 to 8 feet, although it was the dry season. After a stay of one day at Logwek, Dr. Knoblecher was forced to return with the trading party to Khartoom, the jealous merchants having inspired the natives with such a dread of the missionaries, that the chiefs would not allow them to remain, lest they should bewitch the country. He examined the Bahr el-Ghazal or Gazelle river, which Berghaus maintains to be the true Nile, and found it an unimportant stream with a scarcely perceptible current; he regards the White Nile as undoubtedly the true river. Dr. Knoblecher soon afterward visited Europe, and while in Germany published an account of his explorations. Returning to Africa, he fixed his residence at Khartoom, and, having received the appointment of vicar apostolic, now exercises the government of the church in central Africa.

KNOT, the European name of a sandpiper of the genus tringa (Linn.), one of the few birds common to the old and new worlds; other names are the ash-colored, red-breasted, graybacked, and robin snipe; it is the T. canutus (Linn.). The length is about 10 inches, the extent of wings 20, the bill 14, and the weight 6 ounces; it is the largest of the genus in the United States. The color of the summer plumage is light gray above, with black and pale reddish spots; rump and upper tail coverts white, with narrow bands and crescents of black; below light brownish red, with under tail coverts, thighs, sides, and under wing coverts white, spotted and barred with brownish black; quills brownish black, with white shafts; tail brownish cinereous, each feather white edged. In winter the upper parts are darker, with brownish black edgings; below dull ashy white, lightest on abdomen, with numerous longitudinal dark brown lines and spots on the breast and neck. The knot is found throughout eastern North America and Europe. It is a very active bird, nimbly running and wading along the edge of the waves on sandy beaches, searching for minute shell fish and marine worms; the flight is swift, and large flocks perform very beautiful and rapid aërial evolutions. The flesh of the young and fat birds is considered a delicacy. KNOUT, properly KNUT, the Russian word for whip, and the name of the severest judicial punishment inflicted in Russia. The culprit is bound to two stakes, and receives on his bare back the specified number of lashes from a whip of plaited thongs interwoven with wire; 100 to

120 lashes are considered equivalent to a sentence of death. The whipping is inflicted by the hands of a convict respited from Siberia and kept in prison for that purpose. Should a culprit survive this punishment, he is banished for life to Siberia. Formerly the nose was slit, the ears were cut off, and the letter V, for Vor (rogue), was branded on the forehead; but this aggravation was abolished by Alexander I. The nobility are legally exempt from the knout, but the privilege has not always been respected. Although the punishment is still in use in the Russian army, it is now rarely resorted to, excepting in the infliction of a limited number of blows, usually from 3 to 10, and more with the view of disgracing than injuring the soldier.

KNOWLES, JAMES DAVIS, an American clergyman and author, born in Providence, R. I., in July, 1798, died in New York, May 9, 1838. His father, Edward Knowles, a respectable mechanic of Providence, apprenticed him at the age of 12 to a printer, with whom he remained till after he had attained his majority. From his scanty wages he not only clothed himself and purchased books, but laid up something for the express purpose of an education to which he looked forward. While but a lad he studied French without a teacher, and learned to read it with facility. When he entered college he knew more of Latin than is known by most American graduates on taking college honors. He had a keen relish for elegant literature, and early exhibited in his compositions great purity of style. Immediately on becoming of age he became co-editor with the late Prof. Goddard of the "Rhode Island American." Here he pursued his studies, and indulged his literary tastes, occasionally amusing his leisure hours with writing poetry. The stanzas which he added to Gray's "Elegy," to supply what he deemed its melancholy deficiency in respect to religious sentiment, furnish a remarkable specimen of imitative verse. While editor he added the study of Greek to that of Latin and French, and at a later period he made respectable progress in Hebrew and German. At the age of 22 he was received into the communion of the first Baptist church in Providence, and appeared as a candidate for the ministry. He entered the sophomore class of Columbian college, Washington, D. C., in 1822, and edited at the same time a weekly religious newspaper, called the "Columbian Star." He was graduated in 1824, and immediately appointed tutor, but soon abandoned this position, and in Dec. 1825, was ordained pastor of a church in Boston. In 1832 he was called to the chair of pastoral duties and sacred rhetoric in the Newton theological institution. In 1836 he founded the "Christian Review," a quarterly journal of the Baptist denomination. Visiting New York in the latter part of April, 1838, to attend the anniversaries of his denomination, he took the small pox, and died in the 40th year of his age. Mr. Knowles's principal works "Memoir are, a of Mrs. Ann II. Judson" (57th thousand, Boston,

1857), and a "Memoir of Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island" (Boston, 1834).

KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN, a British dramatist, born in Cork, Ireland, in 1784, the son of James Knowles, a lecturer on elocution. In 1792 the family removed to London, and 4 years later young Knowles produced his first play, a juvenile performance in which he and a number of young amateurs took part. Soon after he made the acquaintance of William Hazlitt, whose conversation and advice were of great service in developing and directing his dramatic tastes. To Charles Lamb he was also indebted for many useful hints. At the age of 22 he determined to make the stage his profession, and, against the earnest persuasions of his friends, made his début in the Crow street theatre, Dublin, of which city he was then a resident. For about 10 years he led an unsettled life, sometimes as an actor, sometimes as a teacher of elocution, and with but moderate success in either occupation. He wrote nothing for the stage particularly worthy of mention until 1815, when his "Caius Gracchus" was produced in Belfast with great success. His next play, however, "Virginius," in which Macready sustained the leading part at Drury Lane, first made him generally known to the dramatic public; and thenceforth for many years he was one of the leading playwrights in England. His "Beggar of Bethnal Green," " ," "Hunchback," and "Wife" followed; and in the two latter, which are still popular on the stage, the author appeared in leading characters. He now assumed the twofold character of actor and author, and after engage ments in various parts of the United Kingdom made a successful tour in the United States. On his return to England he produced "The Love Chase," "Woman's Wit," "The Maid of Mariendorpt," "Love," "Old Maids," "John of Procida," "The Rose of Aragon," and "The Secretary," all of which enjoyed a fair degree of success, while some are still standard acting plays. His health began to fail after this, and in 1849 a pension of £200 was procured for him, it being represented that the profits of his dramatic writings had never equalled this sum per annum. Of late years Mr. Knowles has abandoned the stage for the pulpit, and is known as a zealous and eloquent preacher of the Baptist denomination. Two polemical works, "The Rock of Rome," and "The Idol Demolished by its own Priest," testify to the energy with which he employs his pen in this new calling. He is also the author of two novels, "George Lovel" and "Henry Fortescue," which are much inferior in merit to his plays. By the latter, which are written on the model of the Elizabethan dramatists, he is almost exclusively known. They have been collected and published in England in 3 vols. (London, 1841-3).

KNOX, the name of 7 counties in the United States. I. A N. W. co. of Texas, near the head of Brazos river, by which stream and the Big Wichita it is drained; area, about 1,200 sq. m. Most of the surface is hilly and broken, but in VOL. X.-13

the S. part there is an undulating mezquit prairie. Gypsum is so abundant as to render the water of most of the streams unfit for drinking, and the Wichita and Brazos are contaminated by deposits of salt near their sources. Timber is not abundant; the principal varieties are mezquit and cedar. The soil is a red loam suitable for pasturage and grain. The county was organized during the legislative session of 1857'8. II. An E. co. of Tenn., watered by Clinch, Holston, and French Broad rivers; area, 575 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 18,755, of whom 2,193 were slaves. The surface is mountainous, being crossed by Copper ridge, Chestnut ridge, and Bay's mountain. Iron ore, limestone, and marble are abundant, and the soil of the lowlands is fertile. The productions in 1850 were 861,703 bushels of Indian corn, 256,890 of oats, 27,867 of sweet potatoes, 20,231 lbs. of tobacco, and 176,916 of butter. There were 57 grist mills, 18 saw mills, 7 tanneries, 4 newspaper offices, 40 churches, and 2,500 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Knoxville. III. A S. E. co. of Ky., bordering on Tenn. and traversed by Cumberland river; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 7,050, of whom 612 were slaves. It abounds in iron ore, coal, and limestone, and has a mountainous surface. The productions in 1850 were 290,965 bushels of Indian corn, 2,526 of wheat, 48,341 of oats, 16,869 lbs. of tobacco, 18,766 of wool, and 9,334 of flax. There were 8 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 13 churches, and 975 pupils attending schools. Capital, Barboursville. IV. A central co. of Ohio, drained by Vernon and Walhonding rivers and the N. fork of Licking river; area, 525 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 28,873. The surface is undulating, and the soil, particularly in the W. part, is reinarkably fertile. The productions in 1850 were 723,729 bushels of Indian corn, 239,177 of wheat, 206,144 of oats, 231,318 lbs. of wool, 65,200 of tobacco, and 493,877 of butter. There were 25 grist mills, 23 saw mills, 9 woollen factories, 8 tanneries, 6 newspaper offices, 64 churches, and 6,315 pupils attending public schools. The Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark, and the Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg railroads connect at Mount Vernon, the capital. V. A S. W. co. of Ind., bordering on Ill., bounded W. by the Wabash river, S. by White river, and E. by the W. fork of the latter stream; area, 513 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 11,084. It has a level surface, occupied in the W. part by prairies, and contains beds of coal. The soil is very fertile. The productions in 1850 were 720,725 bushels of Indian corn, 27,187 of wheat, 51,010 of oats, 2,783 tons of hay, and 21,941 lbs. of wool. There were 12 grist mills, 8 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 22 churches, and 1,600 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Vincennes. VI. A N. W. co. of Ill., drained by Spoon river; area, 729 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 22,700. It has an undulating surface, diversified with prairies and woodlands, a fertile soil well watered by creeks, and extensive beds of coal. The productions in 1850 were 1,370,361

bushels of Indian corn, 201,481 of wheat, 227,718 of oats, 13,164 tons of hay, and 67,849 lbs. of wool. There were 10 grist mills, 18 saw mills, 3 newspaper offices, 14 churches, and 2,448 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Knoxville. The Chicago and Burlington, Northern Cross, and Peoria and Oquawka railroads meet at the flourishing city of Galesburg in the W. part of the county. Galesburg (pop. in 1858, 7,000) has grown with great rapidity during the last few years, and is now the seat of considerable manufactures, and of Knox college, Knox female college, and Lombard university. In 1858 it contained 2 newspaper offices, 2 steam flouring mills, a steam sash and door factory, a steam saw and planing mill, a large foundery and machine shop, a bank, and a number of hotels. It is well built, and has wide regular streets. VII. A N. E. co. of Mo., drained by the N., S., and Middle Fabius, and the N. fork of Salt river; area, 512 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 5,484, of whom 266 were slaves. It has a nearly level surface diversified with woods and prairies, and a fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 216,027 bushels of Indian corn, 20,906 of wheat, 26,639 of oats, and 1,378 tons of hay. There were 4 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 1 church, and 124 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Edina. KNOX, HENRY, an American general and statesman, commander of the artillery during the revolution and secretary of war under Washington, born in Boston, July 25, 1750, died in Thomaston, Me., Oct. 25, 1806. He was of Scotch and Irish Presbyterian stock, and his father came from St. Eustatius, one of the British West India islands. He received the common school education of his time in Boston, and was remarked as a youth of fine abilities and generous disposition, fond of the heroic examples of former ages, and, according to Dr. Eliot, who was nearly his contemporary, giving constant presage of future eminence. Of a robust and athletic frame and an enterprising and resolute character, he was foremost in the contests between the North and South ends, to the latter of which he belonged; and Mr. Tudor relates that once, in the frolicsome celebration of Pope's night, the wheel of the carriage which sustained the cumbrous pageant having given way, he substituted his own shoulder and bore the vehicle without interruption through the fray. He had the mishap to mutilate one of his hands in a shooting excursion upon the islands, a defect which he was accustomed to cover up by the folds of a handkerchief, and which in Stuart's full-length portrait in Faneuil hall is skilfully avoided by the resting of the arm on a cannon. He was brought up to the business of a bookseller, and had a thriving trade, his shop being a favorite resort of cultivated persons. On the day of the Boston massacre he accosted Capt. Preston, and earnestly urged him not to fire on the crowd. He was a member of the famous artillery company of Major Adino Paddock, which afterward furnished a large proportion of the ablest officers of the

Massachusetts artillery. He was also an officer in the corps of grenadiers commanded by Major Dawes, which attracted the attention and won the applause of the British officers. By availing himself not only of the practical advantages about him but of his opportunities for obtaining and perusing military books, he became an adept in military science. Among those who frequented his store was Miss Lucy Fluker, an attractive daughter of the provincial secretary. The result was her marriage with the young bookseller, which in consequence of the opposition of her friends wanted little of an elopement. They regarded her social prospects as ruined by wedding one who had embraced the cause of the rebellion, but after the revolution she became a principal ornament of the first social circle in America. Shortly before the battle of Bunker hill he managed with some difficulty to escape the guards of Gen. Gage with his wife, and to make his way to Cambridge with his sword carefully concealed in the folds of her dress, thus eluding the requisition for every citizen to surrender his arms before leaving the town. He was actively engaged in the battle of Bunker hill as a volunteer aid to Gen. Ward, reconnoitring the movements between the heights and the head-quarters; and upon his reports Ward issued his orders. He soon attracted the attention of Washington by his skill as an engineer in planning and constructing the fortifications that were thrown up, and by his aptness as an artillerist. Attached to the regiment of artillery which had been formed under the veteran Gridley, he was soon raised to its command, in accordance with the recommendation of Washington, by the unanimous voice of the whole corps, and with the full consent of Gridley, who was deemed too old for active service. He was next employed on a mission to the forts in the region of the lakes in quest of cannon and ordnance stores. He successfully struggled with all kinds of difficulties in the dead of winter, and returned to camp early in 1776 with a long train of sledges drawn by oxen and bearing more than 50 cannon, mortars, and howitzers, which proved of great service in the siege and bombardment of Boston. The next movement of his corps was with the main body of the army to New York, where he had his quarters at the Battery close by those of Washington. There he took the management of all the artillery, constantly attending to its distribution and details, crossing daily with Washington to the encampment on Long island to superintend the duties of his department on that side, and during the retreat was prominently engaged in the removal of the troops and weighty materials further up the North river. He was almost the last officer to leave the city, remaining so late that he escaped capture only by seizing a boat and making his way by water. His arrival at Harlem, where great anxiety was felt for his safety, was greeted with a shout of welcome, and an embrace from Washington. He was one of the officers who witnessed with Washington the at

tack upon Fort Washington, arriving too late to avert the catastrophe. In the subsequent weary progress through New Jersey he explored the upper region of that state, marking suitable sites for the position of the army in the coming emergencies of the campaign. He attended to the artillery in the crossing of the Delaware, and also rendered valuable services by his stentorian voice, giving orders that were heard above the tempest. He and Greene were for following up the victory at Trenton by marching directly upon New Brunswick and anticipating the advance of the enemy, but were overruled by the prudence of Washington. His well directed cannonade repulsed Cornwallis in repeated attempts to pass the Assunpink (Jan. 2, 1777). He shared in the night march which succeeded, and in the brilliant action at Princeton on the following day. At this critical period it was by the advice of Knox, who had been advanced by congress to the rank of brigadier-general of the artillery, that Washington selected the position of his final winter encampment on the high grounds in the vicinity of Morristown. He was sent to Massachusetts to expedite the raising of a battalion of artillery, and became the organ of communication with the executive council of the state concerning the military events of that year. On his return he was employed with Gen. Greene (May 12) on a visit of inspection to the forts and passes of the highlands, to guard against the designs of the enemy in that quarter, and to prevent the interruption of communication with the eastern states. His standing in the service was for a moment disturbed by the ambition of the foreign officer Ducoudray to obtain the command of the artillery. An urgent remonstrance was presented, and Washington offered a testimonial to the worth of Knox as "a man of great military reading, sound judgment, and clear perceptions," who, "combating almost innumerable difficulties, had placed his department on a footing of the greatest honor to himself and advantage to the public." The chivalric career of Ducoudray was brought to an untimely close by the plunge of his highmettled steed into the Schuylkill, while hastening as a volunteer to the battle of Brandywine. In that battle the fire of the artillery against Knyphausen at Chad's ford was maintained with vigor from morning till evening; and though the day was adverse and several pieces were lost, Knox always spoke of the action with pride. The failure at Germantown was partly attributed to his tenacious adherence to the military maxim never to leave an enemy's fort in the rear, causing the pursuit to be abandoned at Chew's garrisoned house. There were other reasons, however, against pressing the advance in the fog and confusion, while superior and fresh forces were coming up from Philadelphia. After the fall of Fort Mifflin, Nov. 15, 1777, he was sent with De Kalb and St. Clair to provide for the security of Red Bank. He passed the winter at Valley Forge, laboring to improve the discipline and efficiency of the army, and was prominently en

gaged in the hot and long-drawn battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, reconnoitring in front while Oswald was using his pieces to check the enemy, rallying the retreat with his powerful voice, and bringing up the rear with a brisk battery planted in the night, and served by his brigade-adjutant Du Plessis. In the general order after the battle Washington had "the satisfaction to inform Gen. Knox and his officers that the enemy had done them the justice to acknowledge that no artillery could be better served than theirs." After the arrival of the French fleet and troops under Rochambeau, Knox accompanied Washington and Lafayette to meet him at Hartford, to mark out their future plans of cooperation, and returned by way of West Point, where he learned the astounding discovery of Arnold's treason and flight. He sat on the court martial for the trial of André. De Chastellux, who visited the American camp in 1780, has particularly described the delightful impression produced personally by Knox. In the ensuing winter he was again sent to Boston and to the legislatures and executives of the New England states to urge them to expedite their preparations of men and means for the next campaign. He was present at the second interview between Washington and Rochambeau at Weathersfield to concert measures to be taken against New York and the movement of the army southward to Yorktown; and his skill in forwarding the heavy cannon, ordnance stores, and ammunition, caused Washington to report to the president of congress: "The resources of his genius supplied the defect of means." On the arrival of the French fleet under De Grasse in the Chesapeake, Knox was one of the generals who accompanied Washington on board of the flag ship, to make arrangements for an immediate and combined attack upon Cornwallis. His station at Yorktown during the heaviest part of the cannonade was in the grand battery by the side of Washington. He was now advanced by congress to the rank of major-general, and was commissioned with Gouverneur Morris to arrange the exchange of prisoners and settlement of expenses, and with Heath for the purpose of a general cartel. He was efficient in allaying the discontent of the army at the prospect of its dissolution without pay or security, was head of the committee appointed to memorialize congress on the subject, and proposed the patriotic resolutions in answer to the address of Washington at the Newburg meeting, March 15, 1783. Hamilton indicated him at this crisis as especially possessing the confidence of the army. He was placed in command at West Point after the announcement of the cessation of hostilities, and on him devolved the delicate task of disbandment. From him came the suggestion of the society of the Cincinnati, to perpetuate the friendships formed during the war. Its first draft remains in his handwriting, and he was its secretary-general while Washington was its president. He was appointed to arrange the surrender of New York with Sir

Guy Carleton, and rode by the side of Washington in making the grand entry on the day of its evacuation by the British. At the farewell interview between Washington and the other principal officers he was the first to receive the affectionate embrace of the commander-in-chief, with whom he had been constantly and intimately associated throughout the war. After the peace he was a candidate with Greene and Lincoln for the secretaryship of war, in which office he succeeded the last in March, 1785. There was no separate department for the navy, and its duties therefore devolved chiefly on him. He was much occupied also with Indian affairs and the care of the western posts. He was a frequent correspondent and adviser of Washington, especially concerning the measures leading to the adoption of the federal constitution and matters pertaining to New England. He visited Massachusetts during Shays's rebellion, with Lincoln, to report to Washington its character and progress. He retained his department after the organization of the new government. To him and Col. Humphreys was assigned the task of prescribing the formalities of the republican court. By coinciding with the views of Hamilton on the general policy of the administration, he incurred the displeasure of Jefferson. The military school at West Point was projected when he first took command there, and constantly engaged his interest. The exigency of affairs with France and Algiers, and the defeats of Harmer and St. Clair by the north-western Indians, followed by the victory of Wayne, were among the later objects of his official attention. In Dec. 1795, following the example of Hamilton, he retired from the cabinet in order to attend to his private affairs. When Washington reluctantly accepted his resignation, he gave to him an affectionate and strongly expressed testimonial of the high worth of his services, which Knox lodged in the war office as a public deposit. He then removed to St. Georges in Maine for the improvement of an estate, derived partly in the right of his wife and partly by purchase, upon which he expended large amounts. There he exercised a magnificent hospitality. When in 1798 the army was reorganized at the prospect of war with France, his feelings were deeply wounded by the cabinet's reversal of President Adams's order of appointments, and the precedence assigned to Hamilton in the new military arrangements. His proposal was to serve as aide-de-camp to Washington. Gen. Knox was large in person, of a generous, buoyant, and social disposition, cordially appreciated and beloved by his friends, possessing unquestionable integrity, unsurpassed energy, and a mind liberally cultivated by study.

KNOX, JOHN, the leader of the Protestant reformation in Scotland, supposed to have been born in Gifford, Haddingtonshire, in 1505, died in Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572. (The society of antiquaries of Scotland discussed the subject of his birthplace in Jan. 1858, when Mr. John Richardson of Haddington brought forward

evidence that he was born in Giffordgate, a suburb of Haddington, and not in Gifford, a village near that town. He was supported in this view by Mr. Laing, the editor of the reformer's works.) After receiving his preliminary education at the grammar school of Haddington, he was sent in 1521 to the university of Glasgow, where for several years he was instructed in the scholastic philosophy and theology, while the reforming opinions were spreading through the country. Noted as a master of dialectic subtleties, he was ordained prior to 1530, and became a teacher of philosophy at St. Andrew's. The study of the fathers, especially of Jerome and Augustine, had shaken his religious opinions as early as 1535, but it was not till 1542 that he became an avowed and marked reformer. At that time many persons of his acquaintance, "earls, barons, gentlemen, honest burgesses and craftsmen," had either secretly or openly embraced the new creed. The long period of silence, before in mature age he explained his views with singular zeal, decision, and completeness, has been regarded as proof that he was naturally of a prudent and peaceful disposition, and not a turbulent partisan. His reprehension of certain practices of the church caused him to retire from St. Andrew's to the south of Scotland, where he was declared a heretic, degraded from his office, and threatened by assassins. In default of more definite occupation, he became tutor to the sons of two noble families, listened to the reformed teachers, and occasionally preached to the inhabitants of the surrounding country. After the death of his friend George Wishart, he remained in retirement till, nearly a year after the murder of Cardinal Beaton, he took refuge with many other Protestants (1547) in the castle of St. Andrew's, which the regent was vainly attempting to reduce. There for the first time he became known as a powerful preacher against the papacy. The regent, reënforced by a French squadron, obliged the garrison to surrender. The terms of the capitulation were violated, and Knox with his comrades was transported to France, where he was imprisoned on the galleys for 19 months. He experienced extreme hardships, and on his release (1549) directed his course to England, where he was appointed to preach at Berwick and at Newcastle, and became one of the chaplains of Edward VI. For the boldness of his discourses he was several times called to account, but he was able to vindicate himself. A bishopric was offered to him, but he declined it from scruples as to the divine authority of the episcopal order. On the accession of Queen Mary he fled from England to Dieppe, and passed thence to Geneva, where, after taking part in the memorable troubles at Frankfort and after a short visit to Scotland, he became pastor (1556) of a small English congregation. The two years of his residence in Geneva, in the society of Calvin, Beza, and other learned men, were among the happiest of his life. "In other places," he wrote to a friend, "I confess Christ