1,354; natives of Kentucky resident in other states, 257,643. Ratio of foreign born to total, 3.78 per cent. Of 191,075 males (white and free colored) over 15 years of age, 36,598 were employed in commerce, trade, manufactures, the mechanic arts, and mining; 115,017 in agriculture; 28,413 in labor not agricultural; 204 in the army; 1,027 in sea and river navigation; 3,811 in law, medicine, and divinity; 4,420 in other pursuits requiring education; 902 in government civil service; 212 in domestic service; and 471 in other occupations. Slaveholders, 38,385, viz.: holders of 1 slave, 9,244; of 1 and under 5, 13,284; of 5 and under 10, 9,579; of 10 and under 20, 5,022; of 20 and under 50, 1,198; of 50 and under 100, 53; of 100 and under 200, 5. The relative rank of Kentucky with reference to slaves is the 9th. Deaf and dumb, 563, viz.: white 507, free colored 5, and slave 51; blind, 552, viz.: white 419, free colored 20, and slave 113; insane, 527, viz.: white 502, free colored 2, and slave 23; idiotic, 907, viz.: white 796, free colored 20, and slave 91. Paupers supported in 1849-50, 1,126; cost, $57,543; on June 1, 1850, 777. Criminals convicted, 1849-50, 160; in prison, June 1, 1850, 52. Federal population (all the free and of the slave) 898,012, which entitled Kentucky to 10 representatives in congress.-The western part of the surface of Kentucky is nearly level, the broad plains being varied by gentle undulations. The S. E. is broken by the Cumberland mountains and their offshoots. Narrow, deep, and gloomy valleys intervene between the ridges. None of the summits, however, attain a greater altitude than 3,000 feet, and their mean elevation does not exceed 2,000 feet. The whole of this region is well wooded, especially the foot hills and valleys. To the N. and W. of the hilly region lies what may be called an upland, which extends from the Big Sandy river to long. 86° W. and comprehends more than half the whole area of the state. Its surface is undulating, with gentle ascents and descents, but it is intersected by numerous narrow and deep valleys in which the rivers run. Though this upland is sparingly provided with spring water, its soil is of the first quality and equal to any in the Union. The W. portion of the state is divided between the "barrens" and a country which is partially hilly. The barrens, which occupy chiefly the tract between the Green and Cumberland rivers, in their natural state are generally destitute of trees, resembling in this respect the prairies N. of the Ohio river; but the level surface is diversified by low round-topped hills, called "oak knobs" on account of the trees which cover them. This tract is the least fertile portion of the state. The alluvial bottoms between these hills and the Ohio and its affluents are exceedingly rich. On the N. and W. the barrens are margined by a more broken and hilly country, which gradually passes to the low flats which skirt the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This tract is superior in fertility to the barrens, but cannot be compared with the upland coun

try.-Kentucky is amply provided with noble streams. The Mississippi forms its W. limit for a distance of 80 m. Along the N. W. and N. boundary runs the Ohio in a winding course for nearly 600 m., navigable throughout, and affording with its chief affluents water communication to all parts of the state. The Mississippi receives from Kentucky only a few inconsiderable tributaries. Of the streams which flow into the Ohio, the most eastern is the Big Sandy, which rises in Virginia on the Great Flat Top mountains, a portion of the Alleghany range; where it approaches Kentucky it turns nearly due N., and continues in that direction to its outlet, forming the boundary between the two states; it is navigable only for a short distance, owing to falls which occur where it issues from the mountain region. The Licking rises in Floyd co., flows with many windings in a N. N. W. direction for more than 100 m., and falls into the Ohio between Covington and Newport, opposite Cincinnati; in winter and spring it is navigable for boats 70 m. The different branches of the Kentucky river rise in the Laurel mountains, and form by their union a considerable stream which flows first N. W., then W., and at last nearly due N.; its course is about 260 m., and though very rapid it may be navigated by steamboats to Frankfort, 60 m., and by small boats for 100 m. higher. Green river rises in the W. districts of the upland region, and flows W. for a great part of its course, to its junction with its chief affluent, the Big Barren, where it deflects to the N. W. and finally to the N., joining the Ohio about 50 m. above the Cumberland; its length is about 300 m., and it is navigable for steamboats to Greensburg, 200 m., and for boats nearly to the heads of the stream, but navigation is obstructed by falls about 50 m. above its mouth. Cumberland river rises in the valley between the Cumberland and Laurel mountains; it traverses both the mountain and the upland regions, generally in a westerly direction, but on approaching the barrens it turns S. and enters Tennessee, where it makes a large bend and then reënters Kentucky with a N. W. course, and so continues to the Ohio, which it enters about 10 m. above the mouth of the Tennessee; it is nearly 600 m. long, and as its current is comparatively gentle it offers an easy navigation for sloops and steamboats as far up as Nashville, Tenn., 200 m. from its mouth, and at high water to Burkesville, Ky.; for boats of 15 tons it is navigable for 300 m., and for river boats much higher. The Tennesee flows only about 70 m. through Kentucky; it admits steamboats to Florence, Ala., 300 m. from its mouth.-Kentucky lies wholly in the great region of stratified rocks of the West. These traverse the state in layers so nearly horizontal, that often over broad districts no dip is perceptible to the eye. Through the central portion of the state, from N. to S., the silurian groups, which are here almost exclusively calcareous in their character, thus overspread the surface for nearly 100 m. in width, and form

the great central axis of the lowest rocks. At Louisville they disappear by reason of their very gentle westward dip, and pass beneath the limestones of the devonian age, which here lie exposed in horizontal strata, forming the bed of the river and the reefs which occasion the falls at this place. They are succeeded by the carboniferous limestone, and still further W. the coal measures, commencing at Rome on the Ohio river, are traced almost to the mouth of this river. This is the southern end of the coal field of Illinois and Indiana, which extends S. nearly across the western portion of Kentucky. (See ILLINOIS.) In this portion occurs the Breckenridge coal, so well known for its excellent qualities for producing coal oil. To the E., about 100 m. from Louisville, the same repetition of the formations is encountered, as the silurian rocks dip E. on this side of the axis; and the coal measures which occupy the whole eastern portion of the state are a part of the great Appalachian coal field which overspreads western Virginia and Pennsylvania. The limestones abound in fossil remains, and those of the falls at Louisville are especially famous for the remarkably fine coralline productions they afford. When the river is low and the rocks in its bed are exposed to view, they appear like the coral reefs produced by living zoophytes, the softer portions being wasted and worn away, so that the hard calcareous corals stand out in relief precisely as if they were living. Fine selected specimens being placed in juxtaposition with others of recent growth, none but a zoologist would be able to guess which were ancient and which modern. These limestones also abound in caves, some of which, as the Mammoth cave (see CAVE), situated near Green river in Edmonson co., are among the most remarkable of these curiosities. Upon their walls are found incrustations of saltpetre, which in some instances have been profitably collected. In some of the superficial depressions of the limestone are found the low swamps known as "licks," frequented by deer and elk, and in ancient times by the buffalo, and in a still more distant epoch by the extinct species of elephant, horse, mastodon, megalonyx, &c., whose bones are occasionally found near the saline springs of these quagmires. One of the most remarkable of these localities is the Big Bone lick, 23 m. S. W. from Cincinnati. The metallic productions of Kentucky are of little importance. In 1856, 36,563 tons of iron were made from 30 blast furnaces. Lead ores have been worked to a small extent. Salt springs occur in many places among the sandstone rocks, and sulphur, saline, and chalybeate springs are numerous.—The blue limestone region, which was originally covered with forests of large trees and a dense undergrowth of reeds, contains the richest soil in the state, and that part of it between the Ohio and the vicinity of Lexington is commonly called the "garden of Kentucky." The barrens are thinly wooded, but produce good pasturage, so that the average fertility of Kentucky may be considered equal to that

of any other state in the Union. The climate is remarkably pleasant. The mean annual temperature is about 55° F.; in winter the thermometer frequently falls to 20° or 15°, and in summer rises to 94° or 100°. The winters are sometimes prolonged from late November to early April, but it is seldom that snow lies long on the ground, and in the S. counties cattle and sheep are abroad throughout the coldest seasons. In spring and summer S. W. winds prevail, and the weather is delightful. The N. W. wind produces the greatest winter cold. Rain falls abundantly in winter and spring, but is sometimes scanty in the summer and autumn, the weather in those seasons being characteristically dry and constant.-There are still extensive forests in Kentucky. In the mountain and upland region are found chiefly tulip trees, elm, oak, hickory, walnut, cherry, &c.; those of the barrens are chiefly oaks, chestnuts, and elms. Among the more generally diffused and most useful trees are the sugar maple, the honey locust, and the coffee tree, with the pawpaw and others which furnish household staples of great value. The principal fruit trees are the apple and peach. Beside being a great grain-growing state, Kentucky produces more than half of the hemp grown in the Union, and of the flax. In the S. W. districts, along the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi rivers, cotton is raised; and the tobacco which is grown in these regions and in the rich soil further E. supplies a valuable material to the commerce of the state, Kentucky producing more than a fourth part of all the tobacco grown in the United States. At the census of 1850, Kentucky contained 74,777 farms and plantations, enclosing 16,949,748 (improved 5,968,270, and unimproved 10,981,478) acres of land, or about of the whole surface of the state. The cash value of these was $75,814,398, and the cash value of implements and machinery used in agriculture was $11,576,988. The live stock in the state consisted of 315,682 horses, 65,609 asses and mules, 247,475 milch cows, 62,274 working oxen, 442,763 other cattle, 1,102,091 sheep, and 2,891,163 swine-in all valued at $29,661,436; and the value of animals slaughtered in the census year was $6,462,598. The product of animals in the same year consisted of 9,947,523 lbs. of butter, 213,954 of cheese, and 2,297,433 of wool. The grain crops of 1849 were as follows: wheat 2,142,822, rye 415,073, oats 8,201,311, Indian corn 58,672,591, barley 95,343, and buckwheat 16,097 bushels. The potato crop amounted to 2,490,666 (Irish 1,492,487 and sweet 998,179) bushels, the hay crop to 113,747 tons, and the crops of beans and peas to 202,574 bushels. The staples produced were: hemp 17,787 tons, flax 2,100,116 lbs., and tobacco 55,501,196 lbs. The other enumerated products were: cotton, 303,200 lbs.; rice, 5,688 lbs.; hops, 4,309 lbs. ; clover seed, 3,230, and other grass seed 21,481 bushels; beeswax and honey, 1,158,019 lbs; flax seed, 75,801 lbs.; maple sugar, 437,405 lbs.; molasses, 30,079 galls.; silk cocoons, 1,281 lbs.; wine, 8,093 galls.,

court. The court of appeals consists of a chief justice and three judges, the attorney-general, a clerk, sergeant, and reporter. The judges have each $2,500 a year, and the attorney-general $500 and fees. The Louisville chancery court consists of a chancellor (salary $1,800), a clerk, and a marshal (fees). The first judicial district has also a chancellor and criminal judge, whose salary is $1,800. The judges of circuit are paid $1,800, and attorneys $500 and fees. All judges and other officers of courts are elected by the people. The revenue is derived chiefly from direct and specific taxes and the poll tax. The ordinary receipts for the year ending Oct. 10, 1859, amounted to $1,020,351, and the expenditures to $883,887. At the end of that financial year there was remaining in the treasury a surplus of $136,463. The state debt at that time amounted to $5,479,244, of which $3,497,412 was held by individuals, $600,000 by the bank of Kentucky (the bank paying interest), and $1,381,832 by the board of education. To pay this debt a sinking fund has been established, which is augmented annually by specific taxes, premiums on state bonds, dividends on stock, a pro rata tax (5 cents per $100) on property, &c., and all excess of revenue at the end of each year over $10,000. The interest on the state debt has been punctually paid. The receipts of the sinking fund for the year 1858-'9, including balance from 1857-8 ($41,164), were $572,877, and the expenditures for the same year $405,986. The value of taxable property in 1859 was $493,409,368, being an increase in 10 years of $176,320,764. The rate of taxation is 20 cents on the $100, viz., 10 cents for ordinary expenses, 5 cents for the sinking fund, and 5 cents for the school fund. The state holds stock in internal improvement companies of the nominal value of $4,830,475; in banks and railroads, of $2,162,820; and the sinking fund, $758,283; total, $7,751,578. The principal institutions supported wholly or in part by the state are the lunatic asylum at Lexington, the western lunatic asylum at Hopkinsville, the deaf and dumb asylum at Danville, the school for the blind at Louisville, and the state penitentiary at Frankfort.-The following school statistics are taken from the census of 1850:

-The whole number of church buildings in the state in 1850 was 1,845, with accommodation for 671,053 persons, and valued as property at $2,252,448. The number of newspapers was 62; of these, 9 were issued daily, and circulated annually 2,243,584 copies; 7 tri-weekly, 1,125,280 copies; 38 weekly, 3,053,024 copies; and 8 semi-monthly, 160,950 copies; total annual circulation, 6,582,838 copies; and 12 (circulating at each issue 14,900 copies) were literary and miscellaneous; 2 (800 copies) neutral and independent; 42 (55,936 copies) political; 5 (12,525 copies) religious; and 1 (525 copies) scientific. The periodical press in 1859 comprised 70 publications, of which 2 were semi-monthly, 54 weekly, 2 semi-weekly, 7 tri-weekly, and 5 daily. The number of libraries (other than private) in the state in 1850 was 80, and these contained 79,466 volumes, viz.: 47 public libraries, with 40,426 volumes; 18 Sunday school libraries, 4,617 volumes; 11 college libraries, 33,225 volumes; and 4 church libraries, 1,200 volumes.-The earliest explorers of Kentucky were Boone and Knox. Then came Bullitt, Harrod, and Henderson, and next Kenton, Calloway, and Logan. The exploits of Boone commenced in 1769; he subsequently founded Boonesborough. Harrodsburg was founded in 1774, and Lexington a year or two later. History, however, is not very exact in regard to the precise dates of these foundations, but it is conceded that these towns were, with the exception of the French settlements, the oldest in the West. Kentucky was now made a county of Virginia, and in 1777 the first court was held at Harrodsburg. The fame of the new country soon spread far and wide, and settlers rapidly increased in numbers. Conflicts between the white and red races were frequent, and it is said that from this fact and that of its having been the scene of savage warfare for ages, the name Kentucky, meaning in the aboriginal language "the dark and bloody ground," had its origin. The war of the revolution left the settlers in constant danger of Indian outrage, and the citizens found themselves obliged to undertake their own protection. Richmond, Va., the capital, was too far distant to be relied on for assistance in times of need, and hence the

conventions held at Danville in 1774–5 recommended a peaceable and constitutional separation from Virginia. The 3d convention sent a petition to Richmond, and in 1786 an act was passed by the legislature complying with the desires of Kentucky; but from several causes the separation was not then completed, chiefly from an inclination of the people to obtain an independent nationality. A 4th convention only served to inflame the people against the central government; and a report having gained currency that Mr. Jay, when minister to Spain, had ceded the navigation of the Mississippi to that country, the utmost ill feeling was aroused in the public mind. A 5th convention met, and on petition Virginia allowed the Kentuckians to send a delegate to congress; but the constitution having in the meanwhile been adopted, the whole subject was turned over to the new government. Taking advantage of this position of affairs, Spain clandestinely proposed through her minister peculiar commercial favors to Kentucky in case of her forming an independent government. These propositions met with some favor; but a 6th and a 7th convention were assembled, and though party politics ran high in the debates, constitutional measures at length prevailed, and an address to congress was ultimately voted. Two more conventions were subsequently held, and the question was determined by Kentucky becoming in 1790 a separate territory, and its admission into the Union on June 1, 1792. The population at this time was about 75,000. Indian wars, however, continued to disturb the frontiers, and complaints of the inefficiency of the federal government were again heard. The whiskey tax also became oppressive, and the American policy toward the French republic was denounced in every cabin. The minister Genest was received in triumph throughout the West, and it was even proposed to raise troops in Kentucky to make a descent on New Orleans; nor did the governor scruple to write to the secretary of state: "I shall feel but little inclination in restraining or preventing my fellow citizens. . . to gratify or remove the fears of a minister of a prince who openly withholds from us an invaluable right, and who secretly instigates against us a savage and cruel enemy." The old idea of independence was again mooted, but the storm passed over. In the 10 or 12 years which succeeded, and which included the period of negotiation for the navigation of the Mississippi, and then for the purchase of Louisiana, Kentucky was again agitated. The treaty of 1795 with Spain gave to the United States the right of deposit at New Orleans and the freedom of the river. Pending the negotiations the governor of Louisiana had approached some leading Kentuckians with a view to a different treaty, but action on these premises was stayed by federal interference, and the faithlessness of the Spaniards was soon made evident. Seven years now passed in comparative quiet and prosperity, when the whole nation became excited

by the intelligence that the Spaniards had violated the treaty of 1795 by a denial of the rights secured by its provisions, and it became known that even Louisiana had been retroceded to France. Its subsequent purchase by the United States put an end to all pending troubles. In the war of 1812 Kentucky took an active part. Upward of 5,000 volunteers were called into active service, and at one time more than 7,000 Kentuckians are said to have been in the field. During this period the chair of state was filled by Isaac Shelby, a hero of the revolution, who at an advanced age manifested the same enterprise and bravery that had gained him an honorable reputation in the battle of King's mountain. At the battle of Frenchtown and the barbarous massacre which followed it, many of the best citizens of Kentucky were destroyed; and the impetuous but ill regulated courage of the state militia at the unfortunate attempt to relieve Fort Meigs proved fatal to a large body of her troops. Since the treaty of 1815 the history of Kentucky has been undisturbed by any stirring events. Its progress has been rapid, and the development of agriculture and other branches of industry within her borders signally well sustained. The scene of action in the Mexican war was too far distant to affect the fortunes of the state, but many of its best and bravest citizens were engaged in that contest, and by their prowess elevated the reputation of the commonwealth before the world, and gained for the sons of the "dark and bloody ground" a name worthy of their patriotism.

KENTUCKY, a river of the state of the same name, rising in the Cumberland mountains on the S. E. frontier. Its principal feeders are the North, Middle, and South forks, which unite in Owsley co. near the village of Proctor. The stream then takes a N. W. direction to the S. boundary of Fayette co., where it turns toward the S. W. After keeping on this course for 15 or 20 m. it resumes its former direction, and preserves it until it enters the Ohio in Carroll co. Its length from the junction of its head streams to its mouth is 260 m., but the distance in a straight line between these two points is only 108 m. The scenery on the banks is famous for its romantic beauty. For a great part of its course the river flows between perpendicular limestone rocks, through which it appears to have gradually worn its way. The Kentucky has no large tributaries. It is navigable by steamboats to Frankfort, 60 m. from its mouth. By means of a series of dams and locks a depth of at least 6 feet has been secured to the confluence of the forks. There are 17 dams, giving a rise of from 20 to 25 feet each, and the same number of locks, each 178 feet long and 38 feet wide. Anthracite coal, iron ore, and an excellent variety of marble are found along the banks of the river.

KENYON, JOIN, an English poet, born in the island of Jamaica about 1783, died at Cowes, in the isle of Wight, Dec. 3, 1856. His father was a wealthy planter. While a child he was