resenting the opening of the tomb of Charlemagne at Aix la Chapelle by Otho the Great, which he has presented to the institution. The greatest and most original of the pupils of Cornelius, he enjoys a celebrity in Germany not inferior to that of his master, and like him is now in the maturity of his fame and powers.

KAUNITZ, WENZEL ANTON, prince, count of Rietberg, an Austrian diplomatist and statesman, born in Vienna in 1711, died June 27, 1794. One of 19 children, he was destined for the church; but after the death of some of his elder brothers, he chose a worldly career, studying at Vienna, Leipsic, and Leyden. He becaine a chamberlain of the emperor Charles VI., travelled for some years in Germany, Italy, France, and England, and in 1735 was appointed aulic councillor of the empire. By marriage he became the proprietor of the county of Rietberg. His influence rose under the daughter and successor of Charles, Maria Theresa, when, after various and successful diplomatic missions to Rome, Turin, and Brussels, and a short administration of the Austrian Netherlands till their occupation by the French in 1746, he signed for Austria the treaty of Aix la Chapelle (1748). Shortly after he became minister of state, but soon left this position, being sent as ambassador to France, where, by his personal qualities and diplomatic skill, he secured the influence of Mme. de Pompadour for an alliance with Maria Theresa. This was effected in 1756, and the 7 years' war began, after the conclusion of which Kaunitz, who in 1753 had been appointed chancellor, was elevated to the rank of prince of the empire. He accompanied Joseph II. to the interview at Neustadt in Moravia with Frederic the Great, when the two monarchs concerted the scheme of the first partition of Poland, but against the opinion of the minister. Frederic, who had good reasons to be embittered against the able diplomatist, speaks disparagingly of him in his memoirs, though the latter was in his time regarded as the oracle of statesmen; and Joseph, whom he less successfully served in his schemes for the annexation of Bavaria, though supported by his liberal views in internal reforms, gradually withdrew his favor from the old statesman during his actual reign (1780-'90). Kaunitz gained new influence during the short reign of Leopold II., but after the accession of his son Francis (1792) he resigned his offices. A taciturn and scheming diplomatist, Kaunitz was ceremoniously grave with his equals, fond of the French language, literature, and fashions, and with a great deal of frivolity, vanity, and self-love united probity, affability toward inferiors, and fidelity to the interests of the state.

KAVANAGH, JULIA, a British authoress, born in Thurles, co. of Tipperary, Ireland, in 1824. At an early age she accompanied her parents to France, where she was educated. In 1844 she took up her residence in London, and about the same time began to write tales and sketches for the magazines. Encouraged by the success

which these met with, she published in 1847 her first book, a tale for children entitled "The Three Paths." It was followed by "Madeleine" (12mo., 1848), a story of peasant life in France, and in 1850 by a series of interesting historical sketches entitled "Woman in France in the 18th Century" (2 vols., 8vo.). In 1851 appeared her "Nathalie" (3 vols. 8vo.), in which the scene is also laid in France, and which has proved one of her most popular novels. Her remaining works are: "Women of Christianity exemplary for Piety" (8vo., 1852); "Daisy Burns" (3 vols. 8vo., 1853), “Grace Lee" (3 vols. 8vo., 1854), and "Rachel Gray" (3 vols. 8vo., 1855), which describe English society at the present day; "The Hobbies" (3 vols. 8vo., 1857); and "Adèle" (3 vols. 8vo., 1858). Miss Kavanagh resides chiefly in England, but makes occasional visits to France and other parts of the continent.

KAZINCZY, FERENCZ, a Hungarian author, born in the county of Bihar, Oct. 27, 1759, died in that of Zemplén, Aug. 22, 1831. He commenced his classical studies at the college of Patak at the age of 10, acquiring also a knowledge of various living languages, left that school in 1779, and subsequently studied law at Kaschau. On the recommendation of Count Török he was made inspector of schools, and was soon able to devote himself to literature, which he did with ardor. Like many others, he was inspired to work for the national regeneration of his people by the centralizing and Germanizing tendencies of Joseph II. (1780-'90), but no other was so fully convinced as he of the possibility or usefulness of restoring the then decayed Magyar tongue to its pristine purity, and of developing its resources to an unparalleled richness by means of new words, framed from existing roots and in accordance with the forms and spirit of the language. With Szabó and Bacsányi he edited the "Magyar Museum," and subsequently alone the "Orpheus," both literary magazines published at Kaschau. Having become implicated in the democratic conspiracy of the abbot Martinovics, he was suddenly arrested at the house of his mother in Lower Regmecz, on Dec. 14, 1794, carried to Buda, tried, and condemned to death; but while Martinovics and several of his associates were executed at Buda (1795), the sentence of Kazinczy and some others was commuted to imprisonment "till they had shown signs of sufficient penitence." He was kept in the dungeons of Buda, Brünn, Kufstein, and Munkács, and released in 1801. He married the daughter of his former protector, Count Török, and retired to a country residence in the neighborhood of S. A. Ujhely, which he named Széphalom (Fairhill), and where he spent the remainder of his life, continuing to labor for the literary progress of his country. A protracted lawsuit, however, distracted his latter years, and the savage outbreak of the Slovak peasantry in Zemplén during the prevalence of the cholera in 1831 embittered his last days. His works.

which have twice been collected, contain original epistles, epigrams, sketches of travel, a tragedy, &c., beside translations from Goethe, Lessing, Larochefoucauld, Sterne, and others. He also edited the works of Zrinyi the poet, Baróczi, Dajka, and Kis, and a volume of "Hungarian Antiquities and Rarities" on grammatical subjects. In 1859 the centennial birthday of Kazinczy was celebrated throughout Hungary.

KEAN, EDMUND, an English actor, born in London, March 17, 1787 (according to the suggestion of his biographer Mr. Procter, although other accounts make the year 1789 or 1790), died in Richmond, May 15, 1883. His father is supposed to have been Edmund Kean, a person at one time in the employ of the builder of the Royalty theatre; and his mother, whose name he retained during his childhood, was Miss Ann Carey, by profession an actress, and a descendant of Henry Carey the poet. At 2 years of age, his mother having refused to keep him, he was taken in charge by a Miss Tidswell, who put him to school in London. A few years later his mother, who occasionally followed the business of an itinerant vender of perfumery, took him with her in her peregrinations, and was fortunate in bringing him under the notice of a Mrs. Clarke. He had, almost as soon as he could walk, appeared at Drury Lane theatre as Cupid in the opera of "Cymon,” and had subsequently taken children's parts on the stage, where he attracted attention by his remarkable beauty and the delicacy and expressiveness of his features. His recitations from Shakespeare and his manners made so favorable an impression upon Mrs. Clarke, that he remained for two years under her protection, and received instructions in dancing, fencing, and various other accomplishments. When about 12 years of age he enrolled himself in Richardson's strolling troop, of which his mother was a member, and on one occasion at Windsor recited in the presence of George III. From the beginning of the century to the period of his first appearance in London in 1814, he was connected with strolling companies or provincial theatres, assuming every variety of character, from the leading parts in tragedy to Harlequin in the pantomime, and by very slow degrees forcing his talents into notice. In 1808 he was married, and during several years experienced many vicissitudes of fortune, being frequently reduced with his family, consisting of his wife and two children, to the verge of starvation. In 1813 Dr. Drury, the master of Harrow school, saw him act at Teignmouth, and was so impressed with his dramatic abilities that he procured him an introduction to the manager of Drury Lane theatre, by whom he was engaged for 3 years at a salary of £8, £9, and £10 per week for each successive year. He made his début on the London stage, Jan. 26, 1814, as Shylock, before a meagre audience, not particularly predisposed in his favor; but so great was his confidence in his own powers and the vigor of his personation, that at the fall of the curtain he was greeted by

applause such as had not for many years been heard in Drury Lane, his appearance, according to Hazlitt, being "the first gleam of genius breaking athwart the gloom of the stage.' After his 3d performance of Shylock, the receipts from which reached an almost unprecedented sum, his articles of engagement were cancelled, and a new engagement at a far higher salary was offered to him; and not long after he received from the committee of Drury Lane theatre a present of £500, beside numerous valuable gifts from priyate persons. He subsequently appeared as Richard III., Hamlet, Othello, Iago, Macbeth, Sir Giles Overreach, Sir Edward Mortimer, Lear, and in various other characters, with undiminished success, and for several years was by many degrees the most eminent and popular actor on the British stage. In 1820 he made a professional tour in the United States, which at first was attended with great success; but in May, 1821, his refusal to complete an engagement in Boston in consequence of the thinness of the houses, created an excitement which led to his abrupt departure from the city. Upon returning to England, he played his usual round of characters; but after the developments respecting his criminal connection with the wife of Alderman Cox, in the action of Cox vs. Kean, Jan. 1825, in which a verdict of £800 damages was pronounced against him, he was hissed from the stage in Edinburgh and London, and never perhaps wholly recovered the public favor. In 1825 he returned to the United States, and was at first received with riot and confusion wherever he attempted to act. Having tendered an apology, he appeared in New York and Philadelphia, but was not permitted to perform in Boston or Baltimore. During this visit he was elected a chief of the Tuscarora Indians by the name of Alantenouidet. Subsequent to his return to England in 1826 his health and spirits, undermined by habits of drinking in which he had indulged almost from boyhood, and by the mortification attending his trial, gave way rapidly, and it was only by the use of stimulants that he could still act his old parts. He was unable to master a new one, forgetting the words almost as soon as he acquired them. In Feb. 1833, he was announced to appear in "Othello" with his son Charles Kean, with whom, after an estrangement of several years, the result of the father's misconduct, he had recently become reconciled. On the night of the performance he succeeded with difficulty in getting through two acts of the play, but in the 3d act, while uttering the words, "Villain, be sure,' &c., he fell exhausted into the arms of his son, who acted Iago, and was borne from the stage. This was his last appearance before the public. A short time before his death he became reconciled to his wife, who had been separated from him for 7 years. Kean was short of stature, but well formed and graceful, and his eyes were singularly black and brilliant. His countenance was capable of wonderful variety and intensity of expression, and his action, which, as well as

his conceptions of character, was the result of deep study, lifted him far above the ordinary heroes of the stage. He has been called the first tragedian of his age, and probably in the delineation of passionate, impulsive characters he has not been equalled in modern times. Mr. Procter (Barry Cornwall), in his biography of Kean (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1835), sums up his dramatic qualities as follows: "As a tragedian he was decidedly of the very first order. He possessed vigor, pathos, sarcasm, and the power of communicating terror in the highest degree; and his intensity in expressing all the passions has never been approached within our recollection." The parts mentioned above are those in which he chiefly distinguished himself, although he appeared with success in many others. He was a man of impulse and of genius, and in spite of his excesses and eccentricities possessed redeeming points of character.-CHARLES JOHN, son of the preceding, born in Waterford, Ireland, Jan. 18, 1811. He was educated at Eton, whence he was withdrawn at the age of 16 in consequence of the refusal of his father to maintain him longer at school; the son having incurred his displeasure by declining the offer of a cadetship in India in order to look after the wants of his mother. In this emergency Charles Kean determined to adopt the stage as a profession, and on Oct. 1, 1827, made his début at Drury Lane theatre in the character of Young Norval. His success was not striking, and for several years he made no impression upon the public, but rather provoked unfavorable comparisons between himself and his father. In 1830 he visited the United States, and after his return to England in 1833 began by degrees to assume the position of a leading actor on the London boards. In 1839 he revisited America, returning to England in the following year, and in 1842 he was married to the accomplished actress Miss Ellen Tree. In 1845 he made a 3d visit to the United States, performing with his wife in the chief cities for upward of two years. For several years after his return he played engagements at the principal theatres in London and the provinces, and in 1851 he became the sole lessee of the Princess's theatre, where for a number of seasons he produced splendid revivals of "Macbeth," " King John," "Richard III.," "Richard II.," the "Tempest," and other Shakespearean plays. As an actor he holds a respectable position, but has inherited only a moderate share of his father's genius. In his capacity of stage manager he has exhibited good taste and abundant resources, and was for several years the director of the theatrical performances at Windsor castle. In 1859 appeared the "Life of Charles Kean," by J. W. Cole (2 vols. 8vo., London).-ELLEN (TREE), wife of the preceding, and an actress of note, born in London in 1805. She first appeared upon the stage at Covent Garden theatre, London, in 1823, and within a few years became one of the leading members of her profession, excelling both in comedy and tragedy, and maintaining on as well as off the

stage a lady-like bearing, and much refinement of manner. In Dec. 1836, she made her début upon the American stage at New York, and subsequently acted with success in the chief cities of the United States and Canada. In 1842 she was married to Mr. Charles Kean, with whom she has continued to appear down to the present time, sustaining the position of one of the leading actresses in England. Among her most popular characters are Beatrice in "Much Ado about Nothing," Rosalind in "As You Like It," Portia in the "Merchant of Venice," Viola in "Twelfth Night," Julia in the "Hunchback," Mrs. Haller in the "Stranger," &c. Few actresses have so long retained the reputation acquired in early youth, or been more respected in private life.

KEANE, JOHN, first Lord Keane, a British general, born at Belmont, co. Waterford, Ireland, in 1781, died at Burton Lodge, Hampshire, England, Aug. 24, 1844. He entered the British army as ensign in his 13th year, and during the campaign in Egypt acted as aide-de-camp to Lord Cavan. He served in Spain, where he gained the rank of major-general. In the autumn of 1814 he was appointed to command the land forces destined to attack New Orleans, but was superseded by Sir Edward Pakenham, under whom however he continued to serve, and was twice severely wounded. From 1823 to 1830 he was commander-in-chief of the West Indian army, and during a part of that period administered also the civil government of Jamaica. In 1833 he was sent to India, and in 1839 captured the fortress of Ghuznee, in Cabool, till then deemed impregnable. For this exploit he was raised to the peerage as Baron Keane, in Dec. 1839, and received from the East India company a pension of £2,000.

KEARNY, STEPHEN WATTS, an American general, born in Newark, N. J., Aug. 30, 1794, died in St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 31, 1848. He entered the army in 1812 as lieutenant in the 13th infantry, and distinguished himself in the action at Queenstown heights in the same year. He served throughout the war, and upon the declaration of peace was retained in the army as captain in the 2d infantry. In 1833 he became lieutenant-colonel of dragoons, in 1836 colonel, and in June, 1846, a brigadier-general. At the commencement of the Mexican war he commanded the "army of the West," which marched from Bent's fort on the Arkansas westward, and conquered New Mexico. Having established a provisional civil government in Santa Fé, he proceeded to California, and participated with his command in the battle of San Pascual, Dec. 6, where he was twice wounded. He subsequently commanded the sailors and marines and a detachment of dragoons in the battles of San Gabriel and the plains of Mesa, Jan. 8 and 9, 1847. For his services in this campaign he was appointed brevet major-general, his commission being dated from the battle of San Pascual. He was governor of California from March to June, 1847, but subsequently joined

the army in Mexico, where he continued until the close of the war. He died of a disease contracted in Mexico.

KEATS, JOHN, an English poet, born in London, Oct. 29, 1795, died in Rome, Feb. 27, 1821. His father married the daughter of the proprie tor of a livery stable, by whom he received sufficient means to afford his children the rudiments of a good education. John at an early age was sent with his brothers George and Thomas to Mr. Clarke's school in Enfield, where he remained until his 15th year. The 3 boys are said to have manifested an unusually belligerent disposition, but John, according to the testimony of one of his schoolfellows, "combined a terrier-like resoluteness with the most noble placability." He could also conceive passionate attachments, and upon the death of his mother hid himself for several days in a nook under the master's desk, utterly inconsolable. He seems to have been careless of the ordinary school distinctions, but read with avidity, though in a desultory manner, whatever authors attracted his fancy. He never advanced in his classical studies beyond Latin, and his knowledge of Greek mythology was derived from Lemprière's dictionary and Tooke's "Pantheon" a singular fact, considering the thoroughly Hellenic spirit which imbues some of his works. In 1810 he was removed from school, and apprenticed for 5 years to a surgeon in Edmonton, but still continued his intimaey with the family of his preceptor, between whose son, Charles Cowden Clarke, and himself a warm friendship always subsisted. The young men read Spenser together, and Keats, who, Mr. Clarke writes, **ramped through the scenes of the romance like a young horse turned into a spring meadow," felt the first impulse to original composition. His earliest known verses are the lines "In Imitation of Spenser," and the influence of his favorite is discernible in many of his subsequent poems. About the same time he became acquainted with Homer through Chapman's translation, which he read with equal enthusiasın, commemorating his emotions in the noble sonnet, "On first looking into Chapman's Homer." Upon the completion of his apprenticeship he removed to London to "walk the hospitals," and made the acquaintance of Leigh Hunt, Haydon, Hazlitt, Godwin, and other well known literary men, incited by whose praise he published a volume of poems, comprising sonnets, poetical epistles, and other small pieces, which excited little attention. He soon perceived that the profession of a surgeon was unfitted for him, both on account of his extreme nervousness in the performance of operations, and of the state of his health; and in the spring of 1817 he was induced by symptoms of consumption, the hereditary disease of his family, to make a visit to the country. During this absence from professional duties he commenced his "Endymion," which, with some miscellaneous pieces, was published in the following year. Keats had allied himself with a political

and literary coterie obnoxious to the "Quarterly Review" and "Blackwood's Magazine," and the appearance of a volume of poems by a new writer of the "cockney school" was the signal for an attack upon him by these periodicals, the bitterness of which savored more of personal animosity than of critical discernment. The insulting allusions to his profession, his private affairs, and his family, however, aroused in the poet no other feeling than contempt or indignation; and if we may judge from his letters, far from being crushed in spirit by the virulence of his reviewers, as was generally believed, he would have been much more inclined, in accordance with his boyish propensities, to inflict personal chastisement upon them if he had met them. Byron in the 11th canto of "Don Juan," and Shelley in his "Adonais," have apparently confirmed the notion that his sensitive nature on this occasion received a shock from which it never recovered; but it is certain that the effect of the criticism has been greatly exaggerated. His health was failing rapidly, but from other causes than his enemies or his admirers supposed. His younger brother's death in the autumn of 1818 affected him deeply, and about the same time he experienced a passion for a lady of remarkable beauty, the effect of which upon a frame worn by disease was fatal. His little patrimony became exhausted, and he began to think of making literature his profession. While preparing a 3d volume for the press he was attacked with a violent spitting of blood, which his surgical training at once informed him was arterial. After a long illness he recovered sufficiently to think of resuming his literary avocations, but found his mind too unstrung by sickness and the passion which had such an influence over him. In this emergency he had nearly determined to accept the berth of surgeon in an Indiaman, when a return of the previous alarming symptoms made it apparent that nothing but a winter in a milder climate would offer a chance of saving his life. Before his departure he published the volume containing his odes on the "Nightingale" and the "Grecian Urn," the poems of "Lamia," "The Eve of St. Agnes," "Isabella," &c., and the magnificent fragment of "Hyperion," of which Byron said it "seems actually inspired by the Titans and as sublime as Eschylus." Jeffrey in the "Edinbugh Review" spoke discriminately and kindly of the poet, regretting that his works had not sooner been brought to his notice. In Sept. 1820, Keats left England with Mr. Severn, a young artist and a devoted friend, who never left his bedside. He lingered a few months at Naples and Rome, and died at the latter place after much physical suffering. A few days before his death he said that he "felt the daisies growing over him." He was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Rome, near the spot where Shelley's ashes were afterward interred; and upon his tomb was inscribed the epitaph, dictated by himself: "Here lies one whose name was writ in water." His poems have

been often republished, and at present enjoy a popularity not inferior to that of any of his contemporaries. The best edition is that of Moxon (1 vol. 12mo.), containing a biography of the poet by R. Monckton Milnes. His modest hope that "after his death he would be among the poets of England," has been realized to a far greater extent than he could have anticipated; and his influence can be traced in the poetic development of many later writers.

KEBLE, JOHN, an English divine and poet, born about 1790. He was graduated at Oriel college, Oxford, in 1810. For some years he filled the office of professor of poetry at that institution, but since his appointment to the vicarage of Hursley, in Hampshire, his life has been chiefly passed in the duties of the ministry, and in literary pursuits. He was one of the contributors to the famous "Tracts for the Times," which appeared between 1834 and 1836. He was also one of the editors of the Oxford "Library of the Fathers" (39 vols.). His principal poetical works are: "The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year" (2 vols., Oxford, 1827); "Lyra Innocentium, or Thoughts in Verse on Christian Children;" and "The Psalms of David translated into English Verse." KECSKEMÉT, or KETSKEMÉT, a Hungarian town on the railway from Pesth to Szegedin, 63 m. from the former city; pop. 36,000. It contains churches for the Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Greeks, a synagogue, and various educational institutions. It has soap manufactories and tanneries, a lively trade in horses and cattle, and 5 annual fairs. It was the largest market town of the whole Austrian empire until 1857, when it was invested with the privileges of a city.-The Kecskemét heath is a desolate and sandy region, stretching for about 200 m. through the circles of Pesth and Little Cumania between the Danube and the Theiss. One may ride half a day upon it without meeting a habitation or a tree.

KEENE, the shire town of Cheshire co., N. H., situated on the left bank of Ashuelot river, at the junction of the Cheshire and Connecticut river railroads, 93 m. N. W. from Boston; pop. in 1859 estimated at 5,000. The village is pleasantly situated, is well built, and laid out with great regularity, the principal streets radiating from a central square, on which stands a handsome new court house. The town hall, a high school, and 3 banks are the other principal buildings. There are several excellent district schools, 2 weekly newspaper offices, and 5 churches (Baptist, Calvinistic, Methodist, Roman Catholic, and Unitarian). An active trade is carried on, and the town has several manufacturing establishments, including a woollen mill, a manufactory of various kinds of machinery, and a steam factory of doors, sashes, and blinds, chiefly for the Australian and Californian markets. The first permanent settlement in the town was made in 1753.

KEENER, JOHN CHRISTIAN, D.D., an Amer

ican Methodist clergyman, born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 7, 1819. He entered the Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., when that institution was opened under Dr. Fisk, and was graduated there in 1834. He was a wholesale druggist in Baltimore till 1840, when he became a preacher. In 1854 he received the degree of D.D. from Lagrange college, Ala. He is the author of "Post Oak Circuit," a book of wit and wisdom on church finances that has had an extensive circulation. He now resides in New Orleans.

KEIGHTLEY, THOMAS, an Irish author, born about 1800. He is a graduate of Dublin university. Having while young lost his fortune, and being excluded by ill health from the learned professions, he went to London to devote himself to literature. In this, as he declares in the preface to a revised edition of his "Fairy Mythology," he was in every respect very successful. The "Fairy Mythology," by which he is most popularly known, was his first work. It was followed by the "Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy" (2d ed., London, 1838), "Tales and Popular Fictions," and "Outlines of History," the last being compiled for Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopædia." By the advice of Dr. Arnold of Rugby he next undertook a series of compendiums, embracing a "History of England," "History of India," "History of Rome," and History of Greece." Most of these works have been frequently reprinted, and several have been republished in the United States and translated into foreign languages. A revised edition of the "Fairy Mythology" was published by H. G. Bohn (London, 1850). Mr. Keightley has also written "Scenes and Events of the Crusades."

KEILHAU, BALTHAZAR MATHIAS, a Norwegian geologist, born near Christiania, Nov. 2, 1797, died there, Jan. 1, 1858. He officiated for many years as professor of mineralogy in the university of that city, and, by his explorations, teachings, and writings, contributed much to diffuse a knowledge of the geological formation of Norway. He founded the mineralogical museum in the university of Christiania, and was actively engaged in various public duties until 1856, when declining health compelled him to retire.

KEILL, JOHN, a Scottish mathematician and natural philosopher, born in Edinburgh, Dec. 1, 1671, died, in Oxford, Sept. 1, 1721. He was educated at Edinburgh and Oxford, where he delivered private lectures on the Newtonian philosophy. In 1700 he became assistant Sedleian professor of physics at Oxford, and in 1708 was chosen fellow of the royal society of London. In 1709 he was appointed treasurer to the Palatines, German emigrants whom the government was sending to New England, and whom he accompanied thither. On his return in 1710, he succeeded Mr. Caswell as Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford. In 1711 he was appointed by Queen Anne decipherer of state papers. He was a fierce assailant of Dr. Burnet, Leibnitz, and the other opponents of the Newtonian theories. He was the author of many learned