may be made to fall in advance of or behind the thrower, is to destroy the timid and wary kangaroo. Though nearly as awkward as a bat when browsing, it is a most fleet and graceful animal when making its enormous bounds, sometimes clearing a rod at a leap. The fore feet are prehensile, and are used in the various offices connected with the care of the young. Kangaroos are not generally gregarious. The skin is valuable for leather, which is esteemed for shoes and gloves; the fashionable gentry of Sydney, N. S. W., will not wear any boots and shoes not made of the skin of the Tasmania brush kangaroo; the flesh is also considered a delicacy. Prof. Owen has ascertained that the gestation in the M. giganteus is 29 days; the young when first born resemble, according to observations made at the London zoological gardens by him, earth worms in color and semitransparency, the body being bent upon itself, the short tail tucked in between the hind legs, and these last shorter than the fore legs; the whole length, when stretched out, was 1 inches. As soon as born, the young are placed in the mother's pouch, which is held open by her fore paws while they are taken up by her mouth. There is no vascular connection between the young kangaroo and the nipple; when separated by force, the milky secretion is seen oozing out; the young seem unable to regain the nipple, which is sometimes replaced in the mouth by the mother; the teat has a circular enlargement at the tip, which makes it easy to be retained. Though the young can firmly grasp the nipple by the lips, it cannot draw the milk without the aid of the mother, which by the action of a muscle in the maminary gland can inject this fluid into the mouth of the suckling; lest the act of injection, when not coinciding with that of suction, should endanger the life of the foetus from suffocation, the cartilages of the larynx are so arranged that the opening of the glottis is placed at the top of a cone which projects, as in whales, into the posterior nostrils, so that the stream of milk passes on each side into the gullet without the possibility of entering the windpipe-a most striking example of creative design for the protection of this embryonic creature. The sub-genus lagorchestes (Gould) includes a few small kangaroos with the muffle clothed with velvet-like hairs; halmaturus (F. Cuv.) comprises those in which the muffle is naked in front; heteropus (Jourdan) contains the rock kangaroos, with compact body, hind feet comparatively short and rough beneath, hairy tail, and naked muffle. In the tree kangaroos (dendrolagus, Müller) the fore legs are almost as long and strong as the hind legs, with pointed claws, and the tail is long, bushy, and cylindrical; they ascend trees with facility. The rat kangaroos constitute the genus hypsiprymnus (Illiger), called also potoroos; they are about the size of a rabbit, with upper canines, compact body less elongated anteriorly, and with the toes of the fore feet unevenly developed, the 3 central ones the longest, with

solid nails compressed and broadest above; they feed on roots which they dig up with their fore paws.-Fossil kangaroos have been found in the limestone caverns and alluvial deposits of Australia, of which the M. Atlas, Titan, and Goliah (all of Owen) were at least larger than any living species. The fossil genera diprotodon and nototherium of Owen, the former superior and the latter equal to the rhinoceros in bulk, found in the alluvial deposits of the Australian Condamine river, are considered by him to have been marsupials coming near the kangaroos and the wombats.

KANKAKEE, a N. E. co. of Ill., bounded E. by Ind. and drained by Kankakee and Iroquois rivers; area about 590 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 10,110. It has a level surface, and consists chiefly of prairie with some swamps. Coal and limestone are found. The Chicago branch of the Illinois central railroad passes through Kankakee City, the capital. The county was formed from Will and Iroquois in 1851.

KANO, the largest and most important province of Houssa in central Africa, occupying the N. portion of that country. It comprises a fertile district of considerable extent, producing cotton, indigo, tobacco, and abundant crops of the chief cereals, beside sorghum, sweet potatoes, yams, dates, and a variety of other vegetables and fruits. The manufacture of dyed cotton cloths is extensively carried on. The principal city is Kano, beside which there are upward of 30 walled towns and numerous villages. The population probably exceeds 500,000, of whom 200,000 are slaves. The governor is able to raise an army of 7,000 horse and 20,000 foot; and he levies an annual tribute of 100,000,000 cowries, beside presents from merchants.-The city of KANO, the capital of the province, and the most important centre of manufactures and commerce in Houssa, is situated on a fertile plain in lat. 12° 0′ 19′′ N. and long. 8° 30′ E.; pop. about 40,000, nearly half of whom are slaves. In busy times the influx of foreigners and merchants swells the popula tion to upward of 60,000. The city is surrounded by a well built clay wall 30 feet high, having 14 gates defended by guard houses, and making a circuit of more than 15 miles; but not more than a third of the space enclosed by the walls is occupied by houses, the remainder being appropriated to gardens and cultivated fields, whence, in case of a protracted siege, the inhabitants may derive a sufficient supply of corn for sustenance. The principal article of commerce is the cotton cloth woven and dyed here of various colors, and which is exported to many parts of central and northern Africa. The fine cotton fabrics in such extensive demand in Timbuctoo, and which have been supposed to be produced there, are in fact derived chiefly from Kano. Dr. Barth estimates the value of this export at 300,000,000 cowries. Among other articles of export are hides, dyed sheepskins,, the kola nut, ivory, sandals, &c. The slave trade is an important branch of na

tive commerce, and about 5,000 slaves are annually exported, beside many sold for domestic use. The principal European goods imported are printed muslins and calicoes from Manchester, silks, needles, razors, sword blades, and various other kinds of hardware. This trade has recently met with a vigorous rival in the shape of American productions brought to the western coast and exchanged for slaves.

KANSAS, a territory of the United States, lying between lat. 37° and 40° N. and long. 94° 40' and 106° 50′ W., bounded N. by the territory of Nebraska, E. by the state of Missouri, S. by the Indian territory and New Mexico, and W. by New Mexico and Utah. With the exception of the N. E. corner of the territory, where the boundary line follows the irregular course of the Missouri river, its shape is that of a parallelogram as far W. as long. 103°; the boundary then follows this meridian N. to lat. 38°, and runs W. along that parallel to long. 106° 50', thence N. to about lat. 39° 20′, E. to long. 105° 40', and finally N. again until it meets the Nebraska frontier. Length, E. and W., 550 m.; breadth, E. of long. 103°, 208 m.; W. of that line, 139 m.; area, 114,798 sq. m., or 73,000,000 acres, about of which is unfit for cultivation. The territory is divided into 37 counties, viz.: Allen, Anderson, Atchison, Bourbon, Butler, Breckinridge, Brown, Chase, Clay, Coffey, Davis, Doniphan, Dorn, Douglas, Franklin, Greenwood, Hunter, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Leavenworth, Linn, Lykins, Madison, Marshall, McGee, Morris, Nemaha, Osage, Potawatamie, Riley, Shawnee, Wabonse, Washington, Wilson, Woodson, and Wyandot. The principal cities and towns are Atchison, Doniphan, Elwood, Lawrence, Leavenworth, Lecompton (the capital), Manhattan, Osawatomie, Tecumseh, and Topeka. The population of 31 counties, according to the returns made by assessors in 1859, was 69,950; but the actual population of the territory is believed not to fall short of 120,000. The principal rivers are the Kansas, rising in the Rocky mountains in 2 branches called Republican and Smoky Hill forks, which unite at Fort Riley, and joining the Missouri near Kansas City after a nearly due E. course of 120 m. from Fort Riley, to which point it is navigable; the Osage, the Neosho, and the Verdigris, which drain the eastern part of the territory, and run generally E. or S. E.; the Arkansas, rising among the Rocky mountains in the W., and, after coursing E. through about 4 of Kansas, turning S. E. into the Indian territory; the Red fork of Arkansas river, which waters the S. part; and a number of small tributaries of Platte river in the N. W. The streams generally have broad shallow channels, and with the exception of the Kansas are not available for navigation. The surface of eastern Kansas is chiefly undulating, with here and there an elevation of considerable height. The general inclination of the ridges is N. and S. The middle portion of the territory is more level, and the western is much broken, both by the Rocky mountains, whose

spurs extend some 80 or 100 m. E. of the Utah frontier, and by eminences called "buttes," varying in width from 100 feet upward, with flat tops and nearly perpendicular sides, apparently formed by the subsidence of the surrounding land. The principal elevation of the Rocky mountains in Kansas is Pike's peak. The general aspect of the three regions which we have mentioned varies greatly. The eastern presents a succession of rich prairies, grass-covered hills, and fertile valleys, with an abundance of timber on the streams; the middle is thinly wooded," and partly occupied by a vast desert extending into New Mexico; and the western has every requisite for a fine grazing country, with many tracts of forest. The prevailing rock is limestone, which crops out from the surface, or lies scattered over the ground in the form of bowlders. Sandstone is also abundant in certain localities. The soil, particularly in the E., is rich and deep, consisting generally of a black loam, sometimes mixed with sand. In the river bottoms it is exuberantly fertile, and the decomposition of the limestone which forms the base of many of the bluffs and the beds of rivers constantly adds to its productiveness. The climate is mild and agreeable. The winters are short, and snow seldom falls in large quantities. The months of February, March, and April are marked by sudden changes of temperature and fierce winds. The rainy season is from May 10 to June 10; there is very little rain in midsummer or autumn, and the annual fall is less than 30 inches. The thermometer sometimes rises to 115° F. in summer, but the air is tempered by breezes, and the nights are almost always cool. The territory is considered extremely healthy. The most important mineral products of Kansas are coal (the Missouri fields extending into this territory), gypsum, granite, quartz, porphyry, feldspar, and gold. The last will be noticed in the article PIKE'S PEAK. The buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, prairie dog, squirrel, horned frog, prairie hen, grouse, wild turkey, wild goose, and many varieties of small birds are found. The timber trees are elm, yellow oak, black walnut, hickory, cottonwood, sycamore, basswood, &c.; they are mostly confined to the intervals of the larger streams, their growth elsewhere being checked by fires which often sweep over the prairies. Although abundant, few kinds except the oak and black walnut are suitable for cutting into planks, and building material at present is transported from New York and other distant places. The soil and climate are adapted to all the cereal crops, hemp, sorghum, and the fruits and garden vegetables common in the eastern states. Cotton has been cultivated in S. Kansas. Beside the white settlers, the territory has a considerable population of wild and partly or wholly domesticated Indians. The interior and W. parts are occupied by Camanches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and other wandering tribes. In 1858 the territory contained the following Indian reservations: New

Kansas militia, and Lawrence for some days was in a state of siege; but the difficulty was temporarily adjusted by negotiation, and the Missourians retired to their own state. On Dec. 15 the people voted upon the question of accepting the Topeka constitution, and it was accepted with only 45 votes against it, exclusive of Leavenworth, where the polling was prevented by an inroad from Missouri. On Jan. 15, 1856, an election was held for state officers and a legislature under the Topeka constitution, and Charles Robinson was chosen governor. The legislature met at Topeka, March 4, and, after organizing and inaugurating the governor and other officers, adjourned to July 4. Early in April a considerable body of armed men from Georgia, Alabama, and other southern states, led by Major Buford, arrived in Kansas. On the 17th of the same month a special committee of the U. S. house of representatives, appointed about a month before, and charged to investigate the troubles in the territory of Kansas, arrived at Lawrence. The result of their investigations was a report by the majority of the committee, Messrs. Howard of Michigan and Sherman of Ohio, in which they said: "Every election has been controlled, not by the actual settlers, but by citizens of Missouri; and as a consequence, every officer in the territory from constable to legislators, except those appointed by the president, owe their positions to non-resident voters. None have been elected by the settlers, and your committee have been unable to find that any political power whatever, however unimportant, has been exercised by the people of the territory." Mr. Oliver of Missouri, the third member of the committee, made a minority report, in which he said: "It must have been apparent to all, that the report of the majority was not only ex parte and onesided, but highly partisan in its character from beginning to end. This appears all through the paper, in the manner of their statement of all things referred to by them as facts, many of which statements of facts thus made rest upon no evidence whatever collected by the committee. . . . . There is no evidence that any violence was resorted to, or force employed, by which men were prevented from voting, at a single election precinct in the territory, or that there was any greater disturbance at any election precinct than frequently occurs in all our state elections in exciting times." On May 5 the grand jury of Douglas county found indictments against Reeder, Robinson, Lane, and other free state leaders, for high treason, on the ground of their participation in the organization of a state government under the Topeka constitution. Reeder and Lane escaped from the territory, but Robinson was arrested and kept in prison for 4 months. The U. S. marshal took Buford's men into pay, and armed them with government muskets. Lawrence was again besieged by a large force, and on May 21, under a promise of safety to persons and protection to property, the inhabitants gave up their arms to the sheriff.

The invaders immediately entered the town, blew up and burned the hotel, burned Mr. Robinson's house, destroyed two printing presses, and plundered several stores and houses. A state of civil war now spread through the territory, the free state party being furnished with contributions of arms and money from nonslaveholding states. On May 26 a fight occurred at Potawatamie, in which 8 men were killed, and on June 2 another at Palmyra or Black Jack, which resulted in the capture of Capt. Pate of South Carolina and 30 of his men. Similar affairs, attended with more or less loss of life, continued to occur for 3 or 4 months. Parties of emigrants from the free states on their way through Missouri were in many cases stopped and turned back. The free state legislature met at the appointed time (July 4) at Topeka, and was forcibly dispersed by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner. On Aug. 14 the free state men assailed and took a fortified post near Lecompton, occupied by Col. Titus with a party of proslavery men, and captured Titus and 20 other prisoners. On Aug. 17 a treaty was agreed to between Gov. Shannon and the free state men, by which Shannon restored the cannon taken at Lawrence, and received in exchange Titus and the other prisoners. A few days later Shannon received notice of his removal from office, John W. Geary of Pennsylvania being appointed in his stead. Mr. Woodson, the secretary of the territory, and acting governor before Geary's arrival, on Aug. 25 issued a proclamation declaring the territory to be in a state of rebellion. He collected a considerable armed force at Lecompton, while another body, amounting to 1,150 men, assembled under the Hon. David Atchison, late U. S. senator from Missouri, at a point called Santa Fé. On Aug. 29 a detachment from Atchison's army attacked Osawatamie, which was defended by about 50 men, who made a vigorous resistance, but were defeated with the loss of 2 killed, 5 wounded, and 7 prisoners. Five of the assailants were killed, and thirty buildings were burned. The next day a body of free state men marched from Lawrence to attack Atchison's army. On their approach the latter retired and withdrew his forces into Missouri. On Sept. 1 the annual municipal election took place at Leavenworth. A party, chiefly from Missouri, killed and wounded several of the free state men, burned their houses, and forced about 150 to embark for St. Louis. On Sept. 8 Gov. Geary arrived at Lecompton, and Robinson and the other prisoners held on a charge of treason were released on bail. The governor on assuming office issued a proclamation calling upon all bodies of armed men to disband. He also promised protection to the free state men, who accordingly laid down their arms. The Missouri men, however, immediately assembled to the number of upward of 2,000, forming 3 regiments with pieces of artillery, and marched to attack Lawrence, under command of a member of the Missouri legislature. Gov. Geary with a force

of U. S. soldiers interposed between them and Lawrence, and finally prevailed upon them to retire. During their retreat a free state man named Buffum was shot down by a man named Haynes almost in the presence of the governor, who subsequently caused the arrest of Haynes on a charge of murder. The U. S. district Judge Lecompte, who was noted as an active partisan, liberated Haynes on bail, and afterward on habeas corpus. Thereupon Gov. Geary forwarded a representation to Washington demanding the judge's removal, and about the middle of December James C. Harrison of Kentucky was appointed in his place. Gov. Geary now reported to the president that peace and order were completely reestablished in Kansas. On Jan. 6, 1857, the legislature elected under the Topeka constitution met at Topeka, and organized next day. The U. S. marshal immediately arrested the president of the senate, the speaker of the house, and about a dozen of the leading members, whom he carried prisoners to Tecumseh on the charge of "having taken upon themselves the office and public trust of legislators for the state of Kansas, without lawful deputation or appointment." The houses, being left without a quorum, met the next day and adjourned till June. Shortly afterward the territorial legislature, composed entirely of proslavery men, chosen at an election in which the free state men had declined to participate on the ground of its illegality, met at Lecompton, and among other acts passed one providing for the election of a convention to frame a state constitution for Kansas. Meanwhile the house of representatives at Washington had passed a bill declaring void all the enactments of the territorial legislature, on the ground that they were "cruel and oppressive," and that "the said legislature was not elected by the legal voters of Kansas, but was forced upon them by nonresidents." This bill, however, did not pass the senate, and that body refused to confirm the appointment of Harrison in place of Lecompte, who thus remained chief justice of Kansas, never having been actually dismissed. Upon this Gov. Geary resigned his office and quitted the territory. Robert J. Walker of Mississippi was appointed his successor, with Frederic P. Stanton of Tennessee for secretary. The election for delegates to the constitutional convention was held on June 15. The free state men generally took no part in it, on the ground that the legislature which ordered it had no legal authority, and that if they attempted to vote they would be defrauded and overborne by intruders from Missouri. About 2,000 votes were cast, while the legal voters in the territory by a recent census numbered about 10,000. At the territorial election held a few months later, the free state men, being assured by Gov. Walker of protection from intruders, went to the polls and cast about 7,600 votes, to 3,700 votes thrown by the opposite party, electing Marcus J. Parrott delegate to congress, together with 9 of the 17 councilmen and 27 of the 39 representatives.

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An attempt was made to change this result by means of a false return from Oxford, Johnson co., a place containing 11 houses. It was alleged that at this place 1,624 persons had voted, and a corresponding roll of names was sent in, which on examination proved to have been copied in alphabetical order from a Cincinnati directory. This return, which, if accepted, would have changed the party character of the legislature by transferring from the free state to the pro-slavery side 8 representatives and 3 councilmen, was rejected by Gov. Walker as a manifest falsification. Soon after the territorial election the constitutional' convention met at Lecompton and adopted a constitution, 4 sections of which related to slavery, declaring the right of owners to their slaves to be inviolable, and prohibiting the legislature from passing acts of emancipation. This provision alone was to be submitted to the electors at an election to be held on Dec. 21. The ballots cast were to be endorsed: "Constitution with slavery" or Constitution with no slavery," thus securing in any event the adoption of the constitution, several clauses of which, beside those thus submitted, were highly objectionable to a majority of the people. A provision was inserted in the schedule annexed to the constitution preventing any amendment of that instrument previous to 1864. The promulgation of this constitution caused great excitement in Kansas. Gov.Walker condemned it in the strongest manner, and proceeded at once to Washington to remonstrate against its adoption by congress; but before his arrival there the act had received the approval of the president. Gov. Walker soon after his arrival in Washington resigned, and J. W. Denver of California became governor. At the election of Dec. 21 for the adoption or rejection of the slavery clause, the vote returned was 6,143, more than half of which was from counties along the Missouri border, whose total number of voters by the census did not exceed 1,000. Against the slavery clause there were 569 votes, the free state men generally abstaining from voting. The constitution being thus nominally adopted, an election for officers under it was to be held on Jan. 4. The territorial legislature at a special session passed an act submitting the Lecompton constitution to the direct vote of the people on the same day with the Lecompton state election, and the result was a majority of 10,226 votes against it. Congress after long discussion referred the matter to the people of Kansas at an election on Aug. 3, 1858, when the Lecompton constitution was again rejected by 10,000 majority. Meantime, the territorial legislature had called another convention to meet in April to frame a new constitution, which was submitted to the people and ratified by a large majority, though by a small total vote. Shortly after the rejection of the Lecompton constitution by the people, Gov. Denver resigned, and Samuel Medary of Ohio was appointed in his place. The territorial legislature met in Jan. 1859, and passed an act submitting to the people the ques