had been, the South might be described at the close of the war, in the language of the prophet, as "a nation scattered and peeled, a people terrible from their beginning hitherto, a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers have spoiled."""-Pp. 77, 78.

BREAKING UP OF LARGE ESTATES.

"The first effect of the abolition of slavery has been the break-up of the great estates. In Virginia the land question occupies the foremost place. Under slavery the land was owned by slave-owners, who held large estates which they never fully cultivated, but on which they shifted their crops from one place to another, leaving the soil to recover in fallow what had been taken out of it by idle, inefficient, and wasteful culture. Under freedom they find it necessary to hold no more land than their capital will enable them to keep in cultivation; hence it is every-where being forced on the market. This land is to be bought at a price which in England would be regarded as a low sum for the annual rent. The landed property of a great and long-settled State,' Mr. Somers says, 'is literally going a-begging for people to come and take it.' Farms small and large, with roads and railways near them, with good society in their neighborhood and good markets for their produce, are to be had at less than four pounds an acre. One estate of eight hundred acres, 'land good, with abundance of green-sand marl only four feet below the surface,' could be bought at fifteen dollars an acre. . . . Yet, notwithstanding the diminution of the area of cultivation, the cultivation has itself so much improved as to give a relatively larger produce. Mr. Wells says of the crop which had just come in when his official report was issued: "The new cotton is far superior in cleanliness, strength, uniformity of fiber, and absence of waste, to any ever before sent to market; while a new variety, originating in Mississippi, "the Peeler," has been introduced and brought to market, which commands a price from twenty-five to thirty per cent. higher than green-seed cotton of the same grade, because of the superior staple.""-P. 80.

NEGRO PROGRESS.

"It is already abundantly evident that the prophecies which abounded during the war of the speedy extinction of the negro

race are not likely to be fulfilled. In the change from slavery to freedom the slaves suffered less than their masters. In 1860 the slave population was 3,953,760, and the free colored population numbered 488,070, a total of 4,441,830. In 1870 the free colored population was 4,880,009, an increase of nearly ten per cent. in a population which is not fed by any immigra tion, and which can only increase by actual natural growth. Mr. Somers says that it is admitted in all classes of Southern society that the negroes are rising to comfort, and that even a mere transient wayfarer could not help being struck by the evidence given him in the great number of colored men of the laboring class and of happy colored families that are everywhere met. But some statistics of savings prove this fact more conclusively than any observation. The Freedmen's Bureau founded a National Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company. This company has branches, or rather independent offshoots, planted in every town in the South, and the whole are under Government supervision. These savings banks have already in charge more than two millions of dollars, which are almost entirely the property of freedmen. In the office of the Charleston bank there may be seen in any forenoon a crowd of negroes paying in small sums, or withdrawing little amounts, or sending small remittances to distant relations or creditors. There were in this Charleston bank a year and a half ago 2,790 deposit accounts, of which nine tenths were kept by negroes, and the average sum to the credit of each depositor was about sixty dollars. These men usually have an object in saving; they desire to own a mule and cart, or a house, or a strip of land, or a shop, or in some way to get a sense of independence, even if it is only by the provision of a small fund to fall back on in case of sickness, old age, or accident, or to leave to their families in case of death. In the annual message which Governor Alcorn addressed to the Legislature of the State of Mississippi last year he gave some important statistics illustrating the condition of the colored people in that State. In thirty-one counties the number of marriage licenses issued to colored people was five hundred and sixty-four in the year 1865, the first year of freedom. In the following year the number rose to 3,679; in the year 1870 it was 3,427. Mr. Alcorn considers that this large number of

negro marriages, which of course includes some ratifications of unions previously contracted under slavery, is a sign of the facility with which the colored people are exchanging a condition of outlawry for a condition of civilization. The negro marriages are somewhat more prolific than those of white persons, but more of their children die young, and even the adults are not as hardy as the whites. There is a most encouraging increase in other indications of progress. The churches for a colored population of 179,677 have increased from one hundred and five in 1865 to two hundred and eighty-three in 1870; the number of schools open to a colored population of 180,527 has increased from nineteen in 1865 to one hundred and forty-eight in 1870, while the number of teachers has increased in much larger proportion. There are also signs of the gradual rise of a class of negro tenant-farmers and negro owners. Mr. Alcorn notes with regret that freedom allows many negroes to yield to drunken and dissolute habits; but over against this fact he puts another. In twenty-three counties of the State of Mississippi 40,551 bales of cotton were grown in 1869 by colored tenant-farmers, and in 1870 the produce reached 50,978 bales. In twenty counties 6,141 bales of cotton were produced in 1870 by colored owners of the soil. Small landed-proprietors, tenant-farmers, shop-keepers, teachers, preachers, are thus constituting a negro middle class, who will be the natural protectors of the vast mass below them."-P. 83.

The Reviewer rightly says that the real need of the South, which she will doubtless attain before many years, is direct trade with Europe, releasing her from her dependence upon New York. The tariff, which he describes as very oppressive upon the South, will be of little consequence if the South is wise. Slavery was the great obstacle in the way of Southern manufactures. Under a new system the South will plant her manufactories beside the cotton fields, and that dependence upon England which the reviewer calculates to be permanent will be quite as evanescent as the dependence upon New York. What the South needs is statesmen of a different type from Jefferson Davis, and political philosophers quite the reverse of Dr. Bledsoe.

German Reviews.

STUDIEN UND KRITIKEN. (Essays and Reviews.) Fourth number, 1872.-Essays: 1. SCHURER, The άpxiepeis (High Priests) in the New Testament. 2. GRIMM, The Problem of the First Epistle of Peter. Remarks: 1. BENDER, Critical Re marks on Miracles. 2. ZYRO, On Matt. vi, 11, ("Give us this day our daily bread.") 3. ZYRO, Remarks on James iv, 5. 4. SAYRE, The Besieger of Samaria. 5. SCHRADER, Reply to the preceding article. Reviews: 1. KAMPHAUSEN, The Pentateuch in the new Anglican Bible work. 2. SPIESS, Logos Spermaticos, reviewed by ENGELHARD.

A prefatory notice to this number of the Studien announces the death of Dr. C. B. Hundeshagen, one of its editors, which occurred at Bonn on June 2. A full biographical notice of the deceased scholar will be given in one of the next numbers.

The first article in the present number, which has been written by a young privatdocent in the theological faculty of the University of Leipzig, discusses in a very lucid and exhaustive manner the true meanings of the expression "high priests" in the New Testament. As Israel had always only one acting high priest at a time, exegetical writers have always found it a matter of some difficulty to explain how the New Testament could speak of a plurality of "high priests," who are clearly represented as the leading men in Israel. Most of the ancient Church fathers thought that the expression embraced solely those who really had formerly held the office of acting high priest; and, among modern writers, this view has been defended by Jost (Geschichte des Judenthums, 1857) and by Derenbourg, (Essai sur l'Histoire et la Geographie de la Pal estine, t. i, 1867.) Others, like Fritzsche and Grimm, understood by this expression the heads of the twenty-four classes into which, according to 1 Chron. xxiv, the Jewish priesthood was divided. Olshausen, Meyer, and Bleek combined both views, and included in the term the acting high priests, the former high priests, and the heads of the twenty-four classes. As the New Testament generally mentions the high priests as members of the Synedrium, other writers, as Friedlieb, Langen, and Schegg, regarded "high priests" as the official name of the assistant members of the Synedrium, to which in their opinion the acting high priest and the former high priests did not belong. Dr. Haneberg, (recently appointed Bishop of Spires,) in his work on the religious antiquities of the Bible, (Die religiösen Alterthümer der Bibel, 1869,) explained the name as embracing the acting high priests, the former high priests, the clerical

members of the Synedrium, and the clerical officers of the temple. Wieseler regarded the "high priests" as the prominent men among the priests, no matter whether they were at the head of the great Sanhedrin or of other state offices; and he excluded from their number the acting high priest. Wichelhaus, in fine, understood by high priests the acting high priests, "and all those who either had formerly been invested with the office of high priest, or belonged to the privileged families to which this office was attached." Dr. Schürer briefly shows that all these views, with the exception of the first and the last, are untenable, and he then undertakes to prove that all the places of the New Testament in which the expression high priests occurs can best be explained by the adoption of the last-mentioned view, (which includes the first.) In order to prove the correctness of his explanation, this author gives the list of the twenty-eight persons who, from B. C. 37 to A. D. 70, held the office of acting high priest, with a biographical notice of each, and treats at length of the five families of Phabi, Boethos, Kantheras, Ananos, and Kamhith, to which almost every one of these high priests belonged, and which, it seems, claimed the privilege of filling this office by rotation.

ZEITSCHRIFT FUR WISSENSCHAFTLICHE THEOLOGIE. (Journal for Scientific Theology.) Edited by Professor A. HILGENFELD. Fourth number, 1872.-1. HILGENFELD, Contributions to the History of the "Union-Paulinism," (UnionsPaulinism." 2. HARMSEN, On the Doxology in Romans ix, 5. 3. GRIMM, On Luther's Translation of Jesus Sirach. 4. SEVIN, Notice of a Manuscript of the Vulgate, which has thus far been unknown to Science. 5. HILGENFELD, The so-called "Muratorian Fragment."

The so-called Muratorian Fragment is a list of the books of the New Testament which were generally accepted by the ancient Catholic Church. It is a document of very small dimensions, for it fills only one and a half leaves (leaf 10 and the first page of leaf 11) of a manuscript which on the titlepage bears the name of Chrysostome, and which on the first nine leaves contains extracts from Eucherius of Lugdunum. But, notwithstanding its small dimensions, the document has a great theological interest, for it is the earliest list of the books of the New Testament which is at present extant, and it, therefore, is of incalculable importance for the history of the canon of the New Testament. Professor Hilgenfeld, in the above article, infers, from the fact that the episcopacy of the Roman bishop Pius (135 to 155) is referred to with the words "nuper