cumulations by the wind, drenched century after century by the waters of the overflowing river; which, as they have trickled down into the sand, have borne down with them the fine mud held in solution, and so have changed the sand into loess. If the river by its annual inundation had formed the valley, there would have been stratification, at least lamination; whereas, in none of the excavations were even laminæ met with in a single case. The borings, which were generally stopped by water at the depth of from ten to nineteen feet, brought up not a single trace of an extinct organic body, and but few or'ganic remains of any kind, those few consisting of recent land and river shells, and bones of domestic animals. The borings brought up also fragments of burned brick, and of pottery both coarse and ornamented. Suppose seven thousand years to have elapsed since the sea rolled over Arabia, Egypt, and the Libyan desert-since, therefore, the Nile began to flow through Lower Egypt-and we believe that all its phenomena, as at present known, are accounted for."

He ridicules the inferences drawn from "animals of the palæolithic age," especially if made to bristle with Latin names.

"Sir John Lubbock gives us a list of seventeen 'species of mammalia' included in the fauna of Northern Europe during the palæolithic period, which have either become entirely extinct, or very much restricted in their geographical distribution since the appearance of man in Europe:' 'Ursus spelaus, (the cave-bear;) U. priscus; Hyona spelaa, (the cave-hyæna;) Felis spelaa, (the cave-lion;) Elephas primigenius, (the mammoth ;) E. antiquus; Rhinoceros tichorhinus, (the hairy rhinoceros ;) R. leptorhinus, Cuv.; R. hemitachus; Hippopotamus major, (the hippopotamus;) Ovibos moschatus, (the musk-ox ;) Megaceros Hibernicus, (the Irish Elk ;) E. fossilis, (the wild-horse ;) Gulo luscus, (the glutton;) Cervus tarandus, (the reindeer;) Bison Europaus, (the aurochs;) Bos primigenius, (the urus.') By far the greater part of those in the above list are to be found alive now, and their bones have no more relation to 'pre-historic times' than have human bones dug from a tumulus or a church-yard. Sir John Lubbock himself states that the Irish elk, the elephants, and the three species of rhinoceros, are perhaps the only ones which are absolutely extinct;' so that on his own showing eleven out of the seventeen paleolithic fauna

may be roaming on the earth at this day. . . . Whether some of the remaining six species are not living now is very doubtful; much more is it doubtful whether they were not living fifteen hundred years ago. What geologists have to show is, not that they are extinct now-that is nothing to the purposebut that they have not lived within the last seven thousand years, of which we venture to think there is, in respect of the Irish elk, the Elephas antiquus, the Rhinoceros leptorhinus and hemitachus, no proof; and perhaps the Rhinoceros tichorhinus might be included; so that, of the seventeen selected examples, there are but at most two which any man has the right to affirm belong to 'pre-historic times;' for their remains are found with pottery under them, and mixed up with the remains of all the other living species, such as the red deer, roe, wild cat, wild boar, wolf, fox, weasel, beaver, hare, rabbit, hedgehog, mole, and mouse. The contents of the caves, varying greatly, show indisputably the contemporaneousness of almost all the animals in Mr. Lubbock's list with the wolf and the fox and the mouse, and with the traces of partially civilized man. The present evidence,' as Professor Owen says, 'does not necessitate the carrying back of the date of man in past time, so much as bringing the extinct post-glacial animals toward our own time.""

Besides all this, man in all ages is naturally a collector of fossil remnants, either for curiosity or for use.

"About twenty years ago, in a small millstream near Kettering, there was found lying on some gravel which the stream had washed down a tooth of a mammoth, which weighed nearly fourteen pounds. It is now in the museum at Northampton. Any one who will walk through that museum, and observe its shelves, cases, windows, etc., will be quite sure that they are of human workmanship: ergo, the people who ar ranged the museum, and the mammoth, lived at the same time. The fallacy of the conclusion is as real when the tooth is found in a cave, as when it is seen in a building in Northampton. If a savage having no metals found such a tooth as has been described, he would be likely to carry it to his cave, either as a curiosity or for use. Its presence is as readily accounted for in the grotto of the barbarian as in the collection of the geologist."

The Article on ecclesiastical affairs maintains that the Church of England must remove all Romanistic tendencies, which are affirmed to be many, from her formularies, must give the control of the parish to the tithe-payers, and have her bishops appointed not by politicians, but rather by a remodeled convocation. But the writer, while advocating a broadening of the foundations of the Church, so as to deliver it from being "a sect," is opposed to disestablishment or disendowment. She must still retain the cathedrals, the parish churches, the tithes, the chaplaincies. She must afford a Christian standing for the immense number of men who desire to be Christian without selecting a sect or a creed, and without deciding whether to be Calvinistic or Arminian. The sects are to be the receptacles of more earnest minds, for whom a strict discipline, perhaps enforced class-meetings, and exacter doctrinal beliefs, are requisite. Some of the positions and arguments uttered from British Wesleyan lips would sound curiously to an American Methodist's ears.

LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, October, 1871. (New York: Reprint. Leonard Scott, 140 Fulton-street.)-1. Spiritualism and its Recent Converts. 2. Byron and Tennyson. 3. Beer, Brewing, and Public Houses. 4. Guicciardini's Personal and Political Records. 5. Continued Mismanagement of the Navy. 6. Industrial Monopolies. 7. Jowett's Plato. 8. Army Administration and Government Policy. 9. The Commune and the Internationale.

The First Article claims to be the verdict of science upon and against all the so-called Spiritual Manifestations. The author refers to the fact that eighteen years ago he furnished a most satisfactory discussion of this question to this same periodical. Since that time he has made it his specialty to investigate the phenomena at all accessible points, and finds that they may be either explained upon well-ascertained physiological principles, or are to be exploded as deceptions. Table-turning, planchette, and some other phenomena, where not deceptions, are to be explained on the principles of unconscious volition and unconscions intellection. The object is often moved by our wills without our knowing it; the manifestation often reveals what we supposed we did not know, but what we really did know without knowing that we knew. On unconscious volition we have the following expositions: "What is the "beating of the heart' but unconscious muscular action? our consciousness being only affected by the movement when it makes itself felt by undue violence. What is the 'drawing of the breath' but in

voluntary muscular action, of which we only become conscious when we direct our attention to it? That which is true of these instinctive or primarily automatic movements is no less true-as was shown a hundred years since by Hartley-of many others, which, learned in the first instance by voluntary effort, become 'secondarily-automatic' by habitual repetition. Has it never occurred to one of these objectors to be carried along by the unconscious muscular action' of his legs, while either engaged in an interesting conversation with a friend or deeply engrossed in a train of thoughts of his own, so that he finds himself at his destination before he knew that he had done more than set out toward it? Could not almost any of our fair readers remember to have played a piece of music under circumstances so distracting to her thoughts and feelings that she has come to the end without 'the least idea of how she ever got through it?'" But, touching apparently voluntary action without the will, the following is still stronger: "As far back as the year 1844 a very important memoir was published by Dr. Laycock (now Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh) on the 'Reflex Action of the Brain,' in which he most distinctly showed that involuntary muscular movements take place in respondence not merely to sensations, but to ideas; and not merely at the prompting of ideas actually before the mind, but through the action of the substrata left by past mental operations. Thus, for example, the convulsive paroxysm of hydrophobia may be excited not merely by the sight and sound of water, but by the idea of water suggested either by a picture or by the verbal mention of it. But as Dr. Laycock did not at that time recognize the essential distinctness of the sensory ganglia from the cerebrum, which-being so obscurely marked in the brain of man as to be commonly overlooked-can only be properly appreciated by the student. of Comparative Anatomy, he confounded together the two classes of actions of which they are the separate instruments, and his views did not receive the attention they merited. The doctrine of the 'reflex action of the sensory ganglia' having been long previously taught by Dr. Carpenter, under the title of 'Sensorimotor Activity,' he was subsequently led, by Dr. Laycock's reasoning, to see that it might be extended to the cerebrum proper; and on the 12th of March, 1852, some

months before the table-turning epidemic broke out, he delivered a lecture at the Royal Institution on what he termed the Ideo-motor principle of action, which consists in the involuntary response made by the muscles to ideas with which the mind may be possessed when the directing power of thẻ will is in abeyance." Assuming this principle, Faraday constructed a machine by which it was demonstrated that the table-turning was the result of the muscular action of the performer.

On unconscious intellection he gives the following statement: "The psychologists of Germany, from the time of Leibnitz, have taught that much of our mental work is done without consciousness; but this doctrine, though systematically expounded by Sir W. Hamilton under the designation 'Latent Thought,' has only of late attracted the attention of physiologists. Though foreshadowed by Dr. Laycock, in his memoir of 1844 on the 'Reflex Action of the Brain,' it was not expressed with sufficient clearness to obtain recognition on the part of any of those who studied that essay with the care to which its great ability entitles it. Some years afterward, however, Dr. Carpenter was led, by considering the anatomical relation of the Cerebrum to the Sensorium, or center of consciousness, to the conclusion that ideational changes may take place in the cerebrum of which we may be at the time unconscious through a want of receptivity on the part of the sensorium, just as it is unconscious during sleep of the impressions made by visual images on the retina; but that the results of such changes may afterward present themselves to the consciousness as ideas, elaborated by an automatic process of which we have no cognizance. This principle of action was expounded by Dr. Carpenter, under the designation 'Unconscious Cerebration,' in the fourth edition of his 'Human Physiology,' published early in 1853-some months before any of the phenomena developed themselves to the explanation of which we now deem it applicable, and it has been of late frequently referred to under that name. The Lectures of Sir William Hamilton not having then been published, none but his own pupils were aware that the doctrine of Unconscious Cerebration' is really the same as that which. had long previously been expounded by him as 'Latent Thought; and the two designations may be regarded as based