Dat. Acc. Is ko, or ise, to him, Dat. Acc. In ko, or inhen, or

107. Observe that the first and second pronouns may add either -rá or -re or -ri for their gen. sing., and either -árá or -áre or -árí for their gen. pl., according to the rule for the use of ká, ke, kí, in the declension of nouns (see rr. 82-84). In the dat. and acc. they may add either e or ko for the sing., and either en or ko or on ko for the plural. Sometimes h is added to the pronominal base in the plural before the postpositions and before on. When on is used, the plural pronoun, which may otherwise stand for the singular, generally, but not always, has a plural meaning.

108. Observe that the forms merá, terá, etc., are rather pronoun adjectives, used like our English 'my,' 'thy,' our,' etc., and that mujh ká, tujh ká, are the proper forms of the genitive, though thay rarely appear except in poetry, or when the pronoun is separated from ká (the sign of the genitive case) by another. word, or rarely before adverbs governing the genitive; thus, merá bețá, 'my son;' but mujh kam-bakht ká, 'of me ill-fated,' mujh pás (for mujh ke pás), ‘near me.' So also the sign of the agent (ne) is added to the nominative forms main and tú, and not to mujh and tujh, unless the ne be separated from its pronoun by another word; thus, main ne, 'by me,' but mujh kam bakht ne, 'by me the ill-fated.'

109. The nominative form of the pronouns wuh, yih, jo, so, etc., are occasionally used as accusative cases. Wo, meaning 'he,' 'that,' 'they,' 'those,' is sometimes used for wuh; and both wuh and yih, though said to be singular, may be used as plurals.

110. The relative pronoun which answers to 'who,' 'which,’ in English, is jo or jaun (nominative singular and plural). The cases of this relative pronoun are formed exactly like those of yih at r. 106, the only difference being that the letter j is put before each; thus, gen. sing. jis ká, gen. pl. jin ká, dat. and acc. sing. jis ko or jise, and so on.

111. Note.-The relative jo is sometimes joined to koi and kuchh to express

the English 'whoever,' 'whatever,' etc.; thus, jo koí, 'whoever, 'whosoever,' io kuchh, 'whatsoever."

112. The pronoun used in asking a question, like 'who?' 'which?' in English, is kaun (nominative singular and plural). In forming its cases we have merely to put k for the j of the relative at r. 106; thus, kis ká, kin ká, etc.

113. Another useful pronoun, kyά, used like 'what?' 'how?' makes káhe ká, káhe ko, etc. Kyá may be used with plural nouns, but has no plural cases.

114. In English the pronouns 'he,' 'that,' 'they,' 'those,' 'that same,' are used correlatively to the relative pronouns 'who,' 'which,' 'whoever,' 'whatever,' etc. In Hindústání the pronoun often used correlatively to jo is wuh, at r. 105; but the proper correlative to jo is so or taun for the nominative sing. or plural (the cases being formed by putting t before the cases of yih); thus, tis ká, tin ká, etc.

Note. The pronoun correlative to jo often comes in Hindústání in the latter part of the sentence; thus, the English sentence, 'I will do that which you order,' would be in Hindústání, 'whatever you order, that same will I do.'

115. The pronoun which answers to the English 'self,' in Hindústání is áp (nominative singular and plural), and this word áp may equally stand for 'myself,' 'thyself,' 'himself,' 'themselves,' etc.; thus, main áp, 'I myself;' áp áyá, 'he himself has come,' áp áe, 'they themselves have come.'

116. The genitive case of áp, 'self,' is apná or apne, or apni (never ápná or áp ká); and the accusative used in books is either apne tain or áp ko. For the ablative and locative, áp se and áp men are found; and in the plural a phrase ápas men is common, to express among themselves.'

117. But of all forms of this pronoun, the genitive apná (changed to apne or apni, according to the rules for ká, ke, ki, see rr. 82-84) is the most useful, and may equally stand for any of the adjective pronouns, 'my,' 'thy,' 'his,' 'our,' 'your,' 'their,'

when they refer to the nominative of the sentence. In English we often apply the word 'own' in the same manner to all the persons; thus, us ne apná kám kiyá, he did his own work;' whereas us ne us ká kám kiyá would mean 'he did his work' (meaning some other person's work). So again, main apni khushi se, ‘I of my own free will;' wuh apne ghar men gayá, 'he went into his own house.' Whereas to express 'my,' 'thy,' 'his,' 'our,' 'your,' 'their,' when they do not refer to the nominative of the sentence, the genitive case of the personal pronouns must always be used; as, 'he went into my house,' wuh mere ghar men gayá ; 'I did your work,' main ne tumhárá kám kiyá.

118. The learner must be most careful not to confound the pronoun áp, 'self,' 'oneself,' 'one's own,' used in the manner just described, with another áp, called the honorific pronoun (because used like the English 'your honour,' 'your worship,' 'your highness,' 'your lordship,' 'your majesty,' 'you, sir,' to show respect in addressing a person of rank). The genitive case of this last áp is áp kả, ke, kí, not apnd, ne, ni; thus, áp ki tawajjuh se, 'by the favour of your honour.' The accusative is áp ko, ablative dp se, agent áp ne. It is often used without intending much respect, in the same manner as in English we say, 'sir.'

119. Note.—The plural of the pronouns may often be used for the singular out of respect; but it does not always follow that, because the plural is used for the singular, any real respect is intended. In fact, the singular of the pronouns is seldom used at all, except in addressing the Deity and in speaking of one's self. So in English, we use you for thou and thee.

120. Although it is a mark of good taste to use main in speaking of one's self, yet ham in Hindústání constantly means 'I,' not 'we.' To mark the plural, the word log, 'people,' is often added; thus, ham log, we people,' meaning simply 'we,' and tum log, 'you people,' meaning 'you.' In the same way, without implying respect, un ne, in ne, constantly mean 'by him,' not 'by them,' whereas unhon ne, unhon ká, unhon ko, inhon ne, etc. are the forms more in use for the plural, and are not used for the singular unless respect is intended.

121. It may be taken as a general rule, that, in addressing equals as well as superiors, the honorific áp of r. 118 should be used. In speaking to inferiors, or to servants, the plural tum, 'you,' should always be used. Indeed, it would be as unusual to use tú in such cases, as it would be to say 'thou' in English.

122. In addressing God, however, the singular tú, 'thou,' is always used in Hindústání.

123. In speaking of one's self, the singular main, 'I,' should be used rather than ham, 'we.' It is bad taste to apply the plural to one's self even in speaking to servants.

124. In addressing gentlemen and superiors, such words as şáḥib, khudáwand, etc. (like our English 'sir,' 'your honour,' etc.), are as common as áp; and just as in England we speak of ourselves as 'your humble servant,' 'your obedient servant,' 'your faithful servant,' etc., so a Hindú, instead of saying 'I,' often speaks of himself as gulám, 'your slave,' fidwi, 'your faithful one,' banda, 'your devoted slave,' etc. Observe. It is most important to study these points, if we wish to speak politely, and not give offence needlessly.

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125. There are one or two indefinite useful pronouns in Hindústání, such as koi, any one,' some one,' kuchh, 'some,' 'any,' anything;' the former being generally applied to persons, and the latter to things. Kuchh, however, may now and then be used for persons as well as things. These two pronouns are changed, the first (koi) to kisí, and the second (kuchh) to kisú, in the cases singular, but in the plural koi and kuchh stand for all forms. They are sometimes used like our ‘a,' ‘an,' ‘a certain;' thus, kisí gánw men, 'in a certain village;' koź laṛká, 'a certain boy.' Ek, 'one,' is used in the same way; thus, ek badshah, 'a certain king.'